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5 changed files with 29 additions and 28 deletions
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@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ i.e.~show that if $(Z,T)$ is a proper factor of a minimal distal flow
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\]
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$X \setminus B_q = \{a \in X : \Gamma(a) < q\}$
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is open, i.e.~$B_q$ is closed.
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Note that $x \in F_q \coloneqq B_q \setminus B_q^\circ$
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and $B_q \setminus B_q^\circ$ is nwd
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Note that $x \in F_q \coloneqq B_q \setminus \inter(B_q)$
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and $B_q \setminus \inter(B_q)$ is nwd
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as it is closed and has empty interior,
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so $\bigcup_{q \in \Q} F_q$ is meager.
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}
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@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
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\subsection{The Order of a Flow}
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\lecture{19}{2023-12-19}{Orders of Flows}
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% TODO ANKI-MARKER
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See also \cite[\href{https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2008/01/24/254a-lecture-6-isometric-systems-and-isometric-extensions/}{Lecture 6}]{tao}.
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@ -195,8 +192,8 @@ More generally we can show:
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on the fibers of $Y$ over $Z_2$
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and invariant under $T$.
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$\sigma$ is a metric, since if
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if $\pi_2(y) = \pi_2(y')$ and $\sigma(y,y') = 0$,
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$\sigma$ is a metric,
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since if $\pi_2(y) = \pi_2(y')$ and $\sigma(y,y') = 0$,
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then $\pi_1(y) = \pi_1(y')$ or $y = y'$.
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\end{proof}
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@ -223,6 +220,7 @@ More generally we can show:
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For this, we show that for all $\xi < \eta$,
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$(X_\xi', T)$ is a factor of $(X_\xi ,T)$
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using transfinite induction.
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% https://q.uiver.app/#q=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\[\begin{tikzcd}
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{X'_{\eta'}} & \dots & {X'_3} & {X'_2} & {X_1'} \\
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@ -244,7 +242,8 @@ More generally we can show:
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\arrow["{\pi'_2}", curve={height=-18pt}, from=1-1, to=1-4]
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\arrow["{\pi'_1}", curve={height=-30pt}, from=1-1, to=1-5]
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\end{tikzcd}\]
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% TODO: induction start?
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We'll only show the successor step:
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Suppose we have
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$(X'_\xi, T) = \theta((X_\xi, T)$.
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@ -253,18 +252,21 @@ More generally we can show:
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\[Y \coloneqq \{(\pi_\xi(x), \pi'_{\xi+1}(x)) \in X_\xi \times X'_{\xi+ 1}: x \in X\}.\]
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Then
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% https://q.uiver.app/#q=WzAsNSxbMCwwLCIoWF97XFx4aSsxfSxUKSJdLFsyLDAsIihZLFQpIl0sWzMsMSwiKFgnX3tcXHhpKzF9LFQpIl0sWzIsMiwiKFgnX1xceGksVCkiXSxbMSwxLCIoWF9cXHhpLFQpIl0sWzAsNCwiXFx0ZXh0e21heC5+aXNvfSIsMV0sWzQsMywiXFx0aGV0YSIsMV0sWzIsMywie1xcY29sb3J7b3JhbmdlfVxcdGV4dHtpc299fSIsMV0sWzEsNCwie1xcY29sb3J7b3JhbmdlfVxcdGV4dHtpc299fSIsMV0sWzEsMl0sWzAsMSwiIiwwLHsiY3VydmUiOi0xLCJzdHlsZSI6eyJib2R5Ijp7Im5hbWUiOiJkYXNoZWQifX19XV0=
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\[\begin{tikzcd}
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% https://q.uiver.app/#q=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\begin{tikzcd}
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{(X_{\xi+1},T)} && {(Y,T)} \\
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& {(X_\xi,T)} && {(X'_{\xi+1},T)} \\
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&& {(X'_\xi,T)}
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\arrow["{\text{max.~iso}}"{description}, from=1-1, to=2-2]
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\arrow["\theta"{description}, from=2-2, to=3-3]
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\arrow["{{\color{orange}\text{iso}}}"{description}, from=2-4, to=3-3]
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\arrow["{{\color{orange}\text{iso}}}"{description}, from=1-3, to=2-2]
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\arrow[""{name=0, anchor=center, inner sep=0}, "{{\color{orange}\text{iso}}}"{description}, from=2-4, to=3-3]
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\arrow[""{name=1, anchor=center, inner sep=0}, "{{\color{orange}\text{iso}}}"{description}, from=1-3, to=2-2]
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\arrow[from=1-3, to=2-4]
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\arrow[curve={height=-6pt}, dashed, from=1-1, to=1-3]
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\end{tikzcd}\]
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\arrow["{\pi'}", draw=none, from=1-3, to=2-4]
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\arrow["{\theta'}", draw=none, from=0, to=3-3]
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\arrow["\pi"', draw=none, from=1-3, to=1]
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\end{tikzcd}
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The diagram commutes, since all maps are the induced maps.
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By definition of $Y$ is clear that $\pi$ and $\pi'$ separate points in $Y$.
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@ -277,6 +279,9 @@ More generally we can show:
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In particular,
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$(X'_{\xi+1}, T)$ is a factor of $(X_{\xi+1}, T)$.
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\end{proof}
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% TODO ANKI-MARKER
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\begin{example}[{\cite[p. 513]{Furstenberg}}]
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\label{ex:19:inftorus}
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Let $X$ be the infinite torus
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@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Let $\mathbb{K} = S^1$
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and $I$ a countable linear order.
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Let $\mathbb{K}^I$ be the product of $|I|$ many $\mathbb{K}$,
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$\mathbb{K}^{<i} \coloneqq \mathbb{K}^{\{j : j < i\}}$
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and $\pi_{i}\colon \mathbb{K}^{I} \to \mathbb{K}^{<i}$\todo{maybe call it $\pi_{<i}$?}
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and $\pi_{i}\colon \mathbb{K}^{I} \to \mathbb{K}^{<i}$% \todo{maybe call it $\pi_{<i}$?}
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the projection.
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Let $\mathbb{K}_I \coloneqq \prod_{i \in I} C(\mathbb{K}^{<i}, \mathbb{K})$.
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@ -17,17 +17,19 @@
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we have $X \in \cU \lor \N \setminus X \in \cU$.
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{definition}
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\gist{
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\begin{remark}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item If $X \cup Y \in \cU$ then $X \in \cU \lor Y$ or $Y \in \cU$:
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\item If $X \cup Y \in \cU$ then $X \in \cU$ or $Y \in \cU$:
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Consider $((\N \setminus X) \cap (\N \setminus Y) = \N \setminus (X \cup Y)$.
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\item Every filter can be extended to an ultrafilter.
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(Zorn's lemma)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{remark}
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}{}
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\begin{definition}
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An ultrafilter is called \vocab[Ultrafilter!principal]{principal} or \vocab[Ultrafilter!trivial]{trivial}
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if it is of the form
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iff it is of the form
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\[
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\hat{n} = \{X \subseteq \N : n \in X\}.
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\]
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Let $\phi(\cdot )$, $\psi(\cdot )$ be formulas.
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\begin{enumerate}[(1)]
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\item $(\cU n) (\phi(n) \land \psi(m)) \iff (\cU n) \phi(n) \land (\cU n) \psi(n)$.
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\item $(\cU n) (\phi(n) \lor \psi(m)) \iff (\cU n) \phi(n) \lor (\cU n) \psi(n)$.
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\item $(\cU n) \lnot \phi(n) \iff \lnot (\cU n) \phi(n)$.
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\item $(\cU n) ~ (\phi(n) \land \psi(m)) \iff (\cU n) \phi(n) \land (\cU n) \psi(n)$.
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\item $(\cU n) ~ (\phi(n) \lor \psi(m)) \iff (\cU n) ~ \phi(n) \lor (\cU n) ~ \psi(n)$.
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\item $(\cU n) ~\lnot \phi(n) \iff \lnot (\cU n)~ \phi(n)$.
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{observe}
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\begin{lemma}
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there is a unique $x \in X$,
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such that
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\[
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(\cU n) (x_n \in G)
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(\cU n)~(x_n \in G)
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\]
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for every neighbourhood%
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\footnote{$G \subseteq X$ is a neighbourhood iff $x \in \inter G$.}
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@ -17,18 +17,12 @@ Then $t_n y \to (0) = t_n x$.
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% TODO this is redundant
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\begin{refproof}{fact:isometriciffequicontinuous}.
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$d$ and $d'(x,y) \coloneqq \sup_{t \in T} d(tx,ty)$
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induce the same topology.
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Let $\tau, \tau'$ be the corresponding topologies.
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$\tau \subseteq \tau'$ easy,
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$\tau' \subseteq \tau'$ : use equicontinuity.
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\end{refproof}
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