hanabi-league/install/database_schema.sql

/**
* Some general thoughts first regarding how I think we should design the database:
* 
* There should be a semantic of what it means for our data to be 'consistent':
* If it is consistent, our program interacting with the database should be well-behaved, i.e. never crash or lead to weird behaviour.
* From any consistent state, our program should be able to bring the database up to the most recent state automatically, i.e.
* - Update games
* - Calculate ELO
* - Calculate statistics
* without us having to fix anything in the database.
*
* Conversely, our program should be designed in such a way that every database transaction that we do will leave the database in a consistent state.
* This ensures that (as long as there is no programming error), we can start/stop/run the program at any time, always leaving the database in a
* consistent state.
* In particular, in order to be able to have reasonably small transactions, the following all should be valid transactions:
* - Adding just the metadata (who, score, when, but not detailed actions or deck) of some game, without processing any of its statistics or elo changes
* - Adding detailed data of a game (actions, deck)
* - Calculating any subset of statistics for a game (BDR, moves, loss reasons (like: 'Discard crit', 'Bomb crit', 'Strikeout' or similar))
* - Adding any set of players to the database
* - Processing a single game for ELO change
*
* Conversely, the database should be designed in such a way that all of the above updates lead to consistent states. In particular, I'd like it to be ok if
* - Games are stored in the database whose statistics or ELO have not been processed yet
* - Game metadata is stored in the database, but their actions/deck is not
* - New players are part of the database, but we did not check for games involving them
* 
* Also, I think that there should be *no* state-change in any other files except the database when running the program:
* That is, for a full replica of the server state, the source code and the current database state should be enough.
* This means no json/csv files or whatever that we both write and read to.
* (Input config files as part of the repository are ouf course fine, as well as output files like log)
*
* One thing I felt like was a bit difficult to handle during season zero is people registering after they played some games.
* At least I think this caused you quite some effort, especially since it's then not so easy to get their games into the database.
* I recall that you just stored a single game id which represented the latest one that your program already processed.
* To account for late sign-ups, I suggest the following:
* - For each registered league user, store the latest game id that we processed (=downloaded, not necessarily calculated ELO or anything) separately.
*   This ensures that for new users, we will fetch all their games on the first database run, whereas for already-registered ones, we do not.
* - When checking for new games, we can now send these ids to the hanab.live site (there is an API parameter to request only games with id >= x, I think you did not use it last time)
* 
* Now there's a slight problem, since calculating ELO depends on the order of games. In case we have late sign-ups, I think it's not so nice if they retroactively
* affect ELO. In particular, this could lead to ELO changes in players X that did not even play a game with new player N,
* if N and Y played some game and after that, Y and X did, meaning that Y's elo when playing with X changes retroactively, thus also affecting X.
*
* Therefore, I suggest that additionally, each game that we download from hanab.live gets a 'league id', which is just a serial number and represents
* the ordering of games in which we process them.
* So in case of late sign-ups we would just process these games a bit later. In particular, in case of no late sign-ups, league ids and game ids from hanab.live
* should have the same ordering, but this might change when we have late sign-ups.
* I'd like to store this, because in case of bugs or anything, we would then be able to re-calculate all ELO deterministically with this data.
* Also, it's nice to be transparent about this, when we do have some game logs on the website or anything, we should order by this league id, since this is the
* order that we used for calculating the ELO.
* Let me know if you think this is too complicated, but to me personally, I'd quite like that, since it just means
* (together with the above mentioned solution of storing latest download ids on a per-user basis) that late sign-ups are handled well automatically.
*
*/


/**
* To store the league participants, I suggest the following:
* - Represent each participant by internal user id
* - Store 'display name' (what shows up in the tables etc) for each participant.
*   This will only be relevant for output, not any of the algorithms, so we could easily change this at any time.
* - Store the account names (from hanab.live) separately for each account, thereby allowing for multiple ones having the same user_id
*   I'm not sure how much we need this, but I feel like it's not too hard to have this extra flexibility in our data structure, so just in case
*   I would support this.
*   To be honest, I'd also like to apply all of the code to some non-league related games where I'd need this :D.
*/

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE users (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  player_name TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
  /* Can be null */
  discord_tag TEXT UNIQUE
);


DROP TABLE IF EXISTS user_accounts CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE user_accounts (
  /* The username from hanab.live. This will be used a) for associating games to one of our user_ids and b) show up in the player profile. */
  username TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  /**
  * Hanab.live stores a normalized username for each account to ensure that usernames are case-insensitive and don't have weird unicodes that resemble each other.
  * It uses go-unidecode to generate these from the actual usernames, and I suggest we do the same.
  * The corresponding python package is 'unidecode', so we should just use that here.
  * This will then ensure that no two sign-ups correspond to the same hanab.live account.
  */
  normalized_username TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
  user_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);

/*
* The latest game id that we already downloaded for a specific user. Note that this can never decrease, since on hanab.live, game ids are only incrementing.
* In my opinion, it should be a consistent state to *not* have an entry in this table for a user.
* In that case, when querying, we would of course assume nothing and fetch all the data from hanab.live (from the start of the league)
* and place an entry here after that.
* Also I suggest that the latest_game_id actually corresponds to a game that we have stored in the database,
* this helps with further sanity checks or if we want to know if statistics are up to date.
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS downloads;
CREATE TABLE downloads (
  /** Notice this has to be a hanab.live username, not a user_id */
  normalized_username TEXT PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES user_accounts (normalized_username),
  latest_game_id INTEGER NOT NULL
);

/**
* For completeness, I suggest we store the hanab.live variants here together with their names.
* So this will just be a static table that we populate once.
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS variants CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE variants (
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  num_suits INTEGER NOT NULL,
  clue_starved BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
  rating_type INTEGER NOT NULL
);

/**
* We should store data on all games locally for two reasons:
* - Only download detailed data for each game once (The actions taken and the actual deck)
* - We can evaluate statistics (also complicated ones) whenever we want, independent of the server
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS games CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE games (
  /** Here, we should use the same ids as the game ids from hanab.live */
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  num_players SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  /** This should be the same variant id as on hanab.live, even if we don't use all of them. */
  variant_id SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  /** Same here: seed from hanab.live */
  seed TEXT NOT NULL,
  score SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  num_turns SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  datetime_started        TIMESTAMPTZ  NOT NULL,
  datetime_finished       TIMESTAMPTZ  NOT NULL,
  /**
  * This is the league id mentioned above that will represent the ordering of games regarding being processed by ELO.
  * Note that this means when fetching new data from hanab.live, we have to fetch *all* of it and insert the games sorted
  * by their ids. It's not technically needed for the ELO system to function, but it's definitely desirable to process them in order, of course.
  */
  league_id SERIAL NOT NULL UNIQUE,
  FOREIGN KEY (variant_id) REFERENCES variants (id)
);

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS game_participants CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE game_participants (
  game_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
  /**
  * This is our internal user id for league accounts. In particular, if a league account is associated to multiple hanab.live accounts,
  * we will lose the distinction between them when storing participants in this way (which I think is totally ok).
  * Also, this makes insertion slightly tricky: You always have to look up these ids first before being able to insert a game.
  * There could be one argument that we should store the hanab.live username here: This would enable us to list games (if we were to do such a stats page)
  * with the hanab.live account names instead of the 'display names' that people used for league sign-up.
  * Let me know what you think.
  */
  user_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
  /**
  * Hanab.live stores this as well, I don't think that we need it currently, but there's no harm done in storing this, since it would enable us to know
  * which player is which if we were to do per-player statistics also inside an individual game.
  * For example, I could imagine stuff like: 'Clues given' or 'Cards played', which might actually vary across players.
  * Unfortunately, when using the 'history-full' api hook, player names are reported alphabetically, so to retrieve
  * the seat order, we have to use the 'export' endpoint of the api, which requires an extra request for each game.
  * This is why we allow for this entry to be null in general, so that we can easily store the games without the seat
  * being known.
  */
  seat SMALLINT,
  FOREIGN KEY (game_id) REFERENCES games (id),
  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users (id),
  CONSTRAINT game_participants_unique UNIQUE (game_id, user_id)
);

/**
* This is just exactly the same table as on hanab.live, since we might want to do statistics like BDR, we have to replicate this.
* Note that for now, we can just ignore this and code up the rest, but we will need this in the long run if we want to do BDR.
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS game_actions CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE game_actions (
    game_id  INTEGER   NOT NULL,
    turn     SMALLINT  NOT NULL,

    /**
     * - 0 - play
     * - 1 - discard
     * - 2 - color clue
     * - 3 - rank clue
     * - 4 - game over
     */
    type     SMALLINT  NOT NULL,

    /**
     * - If a play or a discard, corresponds to the order of the the card that was played/discarded.
     * - If a clue, corresponds to the index of the player that received the clue.
     * - If a game over, corresponds to the index of the player that caused the game to end or -1 if
     *   the game was terminated by the server.
     */
    target   SMALLINT  NOT NULL,

    /**
     * - If a play or discard, then 0 (as NULL). It uses less database space and reduces code
     *   complexity to use a value of 0 for NULL than to use a SQL NULL:
     *   https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/data-size.html
     * - If a color clue, then 0 if red, 1 if yellow, etc.
     * - If a rank clue, then 1 if 1, 2 if 2, etc.
     * - If a game over, then the value corresponds to the "endCondition" values in "constants.go".
     */
    value    SMALLINT  NOT NULL,

    FOREIGN KEY (game_id) REFERENCES games (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    PRIMARY KEY (game_id, turn)
);


/**
* Hanab.live uses the go random number generator to deterministically compute a deck shuffle out of a seed,
* where the seed is just used to seed the RNG.
* Since we can't replicate this, we need to store the seeds explicitly, but of course it's enough to do this on a per-seed basis
* rather than a per-game basis.
* Note that for now, we can just not populate this table, since this would only be relevant for statistics anyway.
* TODO: I think it should be an invariant that whenever we have stored the actions of a game, we ensure that we also have stored the
* corresponding seed here (but not vice versa).
* Unfortunately, to my knowledge, it is not possible to encode this well in PostgreSQL itself, so we will need to make sure our program
* has this invariant.
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS seeds CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE seeds (
  seed TEXT NOT NULL,
  /** The index of the card in the deck of the seed, so 0,1,..., 49 for NoVar */
  card_index SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  suit_index SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  rank SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (seed, card_index)
);


/**
* I think the tables above now store everything that we need to know from hanab.live
* So the following should collect our statistics and ELO now.
*
* To store ELO, I suggest we use an append-only data structure, i.e. we just insert a new row whenever any ELO changes
* and keep the old ones. This as good for roll-back, easy to maintain, and also useful if we at some point want to model progression somwhere.
* Also, we need to separately store the initial ratings for the variants and users, in my opinion for two reasons:
* - Do not rely on some config file in the repository to be available to interpret the data here
* - Allow for separate base ratings on a per-user basis (this might be useful at some point).
*/

/* TABLES RELATED TO ELO */

/**
* Records the initial ratings of variants
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS variant_base_ratings CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE variant_base_ratings (
  /* Note that a variant already includes the number of suits, so we do not have to add this here. */
  variant_id SMALLINT,
  num_players SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  rating REAL NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (variant_id, num_players)
);

/**
* Store a separate row for each elo update to one of the variants
*/
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS variant_ratings CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE variant_ratings (
  /** This should reference the game that triggered the elo update */
  league_id   INTEGER  NOT NULL REFERENCES games (league_id),
  variant_id  SMALLINT NOT NULL REFERENCES variants (id),
  num_players SMALLINT NOT NULL,

  change REAL NOT NULL,
  value_after REAL NOT NULL,
  /**
  * Since multiple variants change rating for a single game, we mark the primary variant that changed here.
  * This enables us to know what rows to display on statistic pages
  */
  primary_change BOOLEAN NOT NULL,

  PRIMARY KEY (league_id, variant_id, num_players)
);

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS user_base_ratings CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE user_base_ratings (
  user_id INTEGER REFERENCES users (id),
  /**
  * Since a user has different ratings now, this should represent which of the ratings we mean.
  * For now, I suggest 0 = NoVar, 1 = ClueStarved.
  * I'd use an integer here to be open for more elos per player in future seasons
  */
  rating_type SMALLINT NOT NULL,

  rating REAL NOT NULL,
  
  PRIMARY KEY (user_id, rating_type)
);

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS user_ratings CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE user_ratings (
  /**
  * This should reference the game that triggered the elo update.
  * I would use the league_id here for proper ordering.
  * Also note that this can then be used to identify whether a given league game has already been processed for rating change.
  */
  league_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES games (league_id),

  user_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users (id),
  rating_type SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  
  change REAL NOT NULL,
  value_after REAL NOT NULL,

  PRIMARY KEY (league_id, user_id)
);


/* TABLES RELATED TO STATISTICS */

/** This is a rough outline, not really happy with it right now. */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS game_statistics CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE game_statistics (
  game_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES games (id),
  /** I'd say all of the following can just be null in case we have not evaluated them yet. */
  num_bottom_deck_risks SMALLINT,
  num_crits_lost SMALLINT
);

/**
 * Need a new table here, since a single game might have several outcomes:
 * Think of losing a crit and striking out, for example
 */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS game_outcomes CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE game_outcomes (
    game_id INTEGER REFERENCES games (id),
    /** This stores the game outcome, corresponding to the values of the statistics.GameOutcome enum */
    outcome SMALLINT,
    CONSTRAINT outcomes_no_duplicates UNIQUE (game_id, outcome)
);

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS user_statistics;
CREATE TABLE user_statistics (
    user_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users (id),
    /** We track stats separately for each variant type */
    variant_type SMALLINT NOT NULL,
    current_streak INTEGER,
    maximum_streak INTEGER,
    maximum_streak_last_game INTEGER REFERENCES games (league_id),
    games_played INTEGER,
    games_won INTEGER,
    games_lost INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS (games_played - games_won) STORED,
    winrate REAL GENERATED ALWAYS AS (CASE WHEN games_played != 0 THEN 100 * CAST(games_won AS REAL)/ games_played ELSE NULL END) STORED,
    total_bdr INTEGER,
    /** Number of critical cards that were either discarded or misplayed */
    total_crits_lots INTEGER,
    total_game_moves INTEGER,
    average_bdr REAL GENERATED ALWAYS AS (CASE WHEN games_played != 0 THEN CAST(total_bdr AS REAL) / games_played ELSE NULL END) STORED,
    average_crits_lost REAL GENERATED ALWAYS AS (CASE WHEN games_played != 0 THEN CAST(total_crits_lots AS REAL) / games_played ELSE NULL END) STORED,
    /** TODO: We should probably also evaluate this over normally-finished (or won?) games */
    average_game_moves REAL GENERATED ALWAYS AS (CASE WHEN games_played != 0 THEN CAST(total_game_moves AS REAL) / games_played ELSE NULL END) STORED,
    PRIMARY KEY (user_id, variant_type)
);


DROP TABLE IF EXISTS endgames;
CREATE TABLE endgames (
    game_id       INTEGER REFERENCES games (id),
    turn          SMALLINT,
    /**
    * We want to be able to store probabilities for different actions that can be taken.
    * Action type can be
      0 for play actions
      1 for discard actions
      2 for clues
    */
    action_type   SMALLINT CHECK (0 <= action_type AND action_type <= 2),
    suit_index    SMALLINT, /* 0 for clue actions */
    rank          SMALLINT, /* 0 for clue actions */
    enumerator    INTEGER NOT NULL CHECK (enumerator >= 0),
    denominator   INTEGER  NOT NULL CHECK (denominator > 0),
    PRIMARY KEY (game_id, turn, action_type, suit_index, rank)
);