Josia Pietsch
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285 lines
12 KiB
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285 lines
12 KiB
TeX
\subsection{Sheet 7}
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\tutorial{08}{2023-12-05}{}
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% 17 / 20
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\nr 1
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\begin{itemize}
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\item For $\xi = 1$ this holds by the definition of the
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subspace topology.
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We now use transfinite induction, to show that
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the statement holds for all $\xi$.
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Suppose that $\Sigma^0_{\zeta}(Y)$ and $\Pi^0_{\zeta}(Y)$
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are as claimed for all $\zeta < \xi$.
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Then
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\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
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\Sigma^0_\xi(Y) &=& \{\bigcup_{n < \omega} A_n : A_n \in \Pi^0_{\alpha_n}(Y), \alpha_n < \xi\}\\
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&=& \{\bigcup_{n < \omega} (A_n \cap Y) : A_n \in \Pi^0_{\alpha_n}(X), \alpha_n < \xi\}\\
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&=& \{Y \cap \bigcup_{n < \omega} A_n : A_n \in \Pi^0_{\alpha_n}(X), \alpha_n < \xi\}\\
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&=& \{Y \cap A : A \in \Sigma^0_{\xi}(X)\}.
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\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
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and
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\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
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\Pi^0_\xi(Y) &=& \lnot \Sigma^0_\xi(Y)\\
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&=& \{Y \setminus A : A \in \Sigma^0_\xi(Y)\}\\
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&=& \{Y \setminus (A \cap Y) : A \in \Sigma^0_\xi(X)\}\\
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&=& \{Y \cap (X \setminus A) : A \in \Sigma^0_\xi(X)\}\\
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&=& \{Y \cap A : A \in \Pi^0_\xi(X)\}.
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\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
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\item Let $V \in \cB(Y)$.
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We show that $f^{-1}(V) \in \cB(Y)$,
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by induction on the minimal $\xi$ such that $V \in \Sigma_\xi^0$.
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For $\xi = 0$ this is clear.
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Suppose that we have already shown $f^{-1}(V') \in \cB(Y)$
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for all $V' \in \Sigma^0_\zeta$, $\zeta < \xi$.
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Then $f^{-1}(Y \setminus V') = X \setminus f^{-1}(V') \in \cB(V)$,
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since complements of Borel sets are Borel.
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In particular, this also holds for $\Pi^0_\zeta$ sets
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and $\zeta < \xi$.
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Let $V \in \Sigma^0_\xi$.
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Then $V = \bigcap_{n} V_n$ for some $V_n \in \Pi^{0}_{\alpha_n}$,
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$\alpha_n < \xi$.
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In particular $f^{-1}(V) = \bigcup_n f^{-1}(V_n) \in \cB(X)$.
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\end{itemize}
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\nr 2
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Recall \autoref{thm:analytic}.
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Let $(A_i)_{i<\omega}$ be analytic subsets of a Polish space $X$.
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Then there exists Polish spaces $Y_i$ and $f_i\colon Y_i \to X$
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continuous such that $f_i(B_i) = A_i$
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for some $B_i \in \cB(Y_i)$.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $\bigcup_i A_i$ is analytic:
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Consider the Polish space $Y \coloneqq \coprod_{i < \omega} Y_i$
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and $f \coloneqq \coprod_i f_i$, i.e.~
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$Y_i \ni y \mapsto f_i(y)$.
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$f$ is continuous,
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$\coprod_{i < \omega} B_i \in \cB(Y)$
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and
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\[f(\coprod_{i < \omega} B_i) = \bigcup_i A_i.\]
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\item $\bigcap_i A_i$ is analytic:
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% Let $Y_i$ be Polish such that $f_i(Y_i) = A_i$.
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% Let $Y \coloneqq \coprod Y_i$, $f = \coprod f_i$ and $Z = \prod Y_i$.
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% Note that $Y$ and $Z$ are Polish.
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% We can embed $Z$ into $Y^{\N}$.
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%
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% Define a tree $T$ on $Y$ as follows:
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% $(y_0, \ldots, y_n) \in T$ iff
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% \begin{itemize}
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% \item $\forall 0 \le i \le n.~ y_i \in Y_i$ and
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% \item $\forall i,j .~ f(y_i) = f(y_j)$.
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% \end{itemize}
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%
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% Then $[T]$ consists of sequences $y = (y_n)$
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% such that $\forall j \in \N.~f(y) \in \im (f_j)$,
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% so $\forall y \in [T].~f(y) \in \bigcap_{i \in \N} \im(f_i) = \bigcap_{i \in \N} A_i$.
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% $[T] \subseteq i(Z) \subseteq Y^{\N}$,
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% and $[T]$ is closed.
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%
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%
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% Other solution:
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Let $Z = \prod Y_i$
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and let $D \subseteq Z$
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be defined by
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\[
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D \coloneqq \{(y_n) : f_i(y_i) = f_j(y_j) ~ \forall i,j\}.
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\]
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$D$ is closed,
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at it is the preimage of the diagonal
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under $Z \xrightarrow{(f_0,f_1,\ldots)} X^{\N}$.
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Then $\bigcap A_i$ is the image of $D$
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under $Z \xrightarrow{(y_n) \mapsto f_0(y_0)} X$.
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\paragraph{Other solution}
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Let $F_n \subseteq X \times \cN$ be closed,
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and $C \subseteq X \times \cN^{\N}$ defined by
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\[
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C \coloneqq \{(x,(y^{(n)}) ) : \forall n.~(x, y^{(n)}) \in F_n\}.
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\]
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$C$ is closed
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and $\bigcap A_i = \proj_X(C)$.
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\end{itemize}
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\nr 3
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\begin{lemma}
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Let $X$ be a second-countable topological space.
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Then every base of $X$ contains a countable subset which
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is also a base of $X$.
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\end{lemma}
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\begin{proof}
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Let $\cC = \{C_n : n < \omega\}$
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be a countable base of $X$
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and let $\cB = \{B_i: i \in I\}$
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be a base of $X$ with (possibly uncountable) index set $I$.
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Fix $n < \omega$. It suffices to show that $C_n$ is a union
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of countably many elements of $\cB$.
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As $\cB$ is a base, $C_n = \bigcup_{j \in J} B_j$
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for some $J \subseteq I$.
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Since $\cC$ is a base,
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there exists $M_j \subseteq \N$ such that $B_j = \bigcup_{m \in M_j} C_m$
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for all $j \in J$.
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Let $M = \bigcup_{j \in J} M_j \subseteq \N$.
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For each $m \in M$, there exists $f(m) \in J$
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such that $m \in M_{f(m)}$.
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Then $\bigcup_{m \in M} B_{f(m)} = C_n$.
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\end{proof}
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\begin{remark}
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We don't actually need this.
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\end{remark}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item We use the same construction as in exercise 2 (a)
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on sheet 6.
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Let $A \subseteq X$ be analytic,
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i.e.~there exists a Polish space $Y$ and $f\colon Y \to X$ Borel
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with $f(Y) = X$.
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Then $f$ is still Borel with respect to the
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new topology, since Borel sets are preserved
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and by exercise 1 (b).
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% Let $(B_i)_{i < \omega}$ be a countable basis of $(X,\tau)$.
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% By a theorem from the lecture, there exists Polish
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% topologies $\cT_i$ such that $B_i$ is clopen wrt.~$\cT_i$
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% and $\cB(\cT_i) = \cB(\tau)$.
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% By a lemma from the lecture,
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% $\tau' \coloneqq \bigcup_i \cT_i$
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% is Polish as well and $\cB(\tau') = \cB(\tau)$.
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% \todo{TODO: Basis}
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\item Suppose that there exist no disjoint clopen sets $U_0,U_1$,
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such that $W \cap U_0$ and $W \cap U_1$ are uncountable.
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Let $W_0 \coloneqq W$
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Then there exist disjoint clopen sets $C_i^{(0)}$
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such that $W_0 \subseteq \bigcup_{i < \omega} C_i^{(0)}$
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and $\diam(C_i) < 1$,
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since $X$ is zero-dimensional.
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By assumption, exactly one of the $C_i^{(0)}$ has
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uncountable intersection with $W_0$.
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Let $i_0$ be such that $W_0 \cap C_{i_0}^{(0)}$ is uncountable
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and set $W_1 \coloneqq W_0 \cap C_{i_0}^{(0)}$.
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Note that $W_0 \setminus W_1 = \bigcup_{i \neq i_0} C_i^{(0)}$ is countable.
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Let us recursively continue this construction:
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Suppose that $W_n$ uncountable has been chosen.
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Then choose $C_{i}^{(n)}$ clopen,
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disjoint with diameter $\le \frac{1}{n}$
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such that $W_n \subseteq \bigcup_{i} C_i^{(n)}$
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and let $i_n$ be the unique index
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such that $W_n \cap C_{i_n}^{(n)}$ is uncountable.
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Since $\diam(C_{i_n}^{(n)}) \xrightarrow{n \to \infty} 0$
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and the $C_{i_n}^{(n)}$ are closed,
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we get that $\bigcap_n C_{i_n}^{(n)}$
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contains exactly one point. Let that point be $x$.
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However then
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\[
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W = \left(\bigcup_{n < \omega} \bigcup_{i \neq i_n} (C_{i}^{(n)} \cap W)\right)
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\cup \bigcap_{n} (W \cap C_{i_n}^{(n)})
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= \left(\bigcup_{n < \omega} \bigcup_{i \neq i_n} (C_{i}^{(n)} \cap W)\right) \cup \{x\}
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\]
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is countable as a countable union of countable sets $\lightning$.
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Other proof (without using the existence of a countable clopen
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basis):
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We can cover $X$ by countably many clopen sets of diameter
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$< \frac{1}{n}$:
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Cover $X$ with open balls of diameter $< \frac{1}{n}$.
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Write each open ball as a union of clopen sets.
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That gives us a cover by clopen sets of diameter $< \frac{1}{n}$.
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As $X$ is Lindelöf, there exists a countable subcover.
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Then continue as in the first proof.
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\item Note that this step does not help us to prove the statement.
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It was an error on the exercise sheet.
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% Consider a finer topology $\tau'$ on $X$ such that $(X, \tau')$ is zero dimensional
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% as in the first part.
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% Clearly $f$ is also continuous with respect to the new topology,
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% so we may assume that $X$ is zero dimensional.
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%
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% Let $W \subseteq X$ be such that $f\defon{W}$ is injective
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% and $f(W) = f(X)$ (this exists by the axiom of choice).
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% Since $f(X)$ is uncountable, so is $W$.
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% By the second point, there exist disjoint clopen sets
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% $U_0, U_1$, such that $W \cap U_0$ and $W\cap U_1$
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% are uncountable.
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% Inductively construct $U_s$ for $s \in 2^{<\omega}$
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% as follows:
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% Suppose that $U_{s}$ has already been chosen.
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% Then let $U_{s\concat 0}, U_{s\concat 1} \subseteq U_s$
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% be disjoint clopen such that $U_{s\concat 1} \cap W$
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% and $U_{s\concat 0} \cap W$ are uncountable.
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% Such sets exist, since $ U_s \cap W$ is uncountable
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% and $U_s$ is a zero dimensional space with the subspace topology.
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% And since $U_s$ is clopen, we have that a subset of $U_s$ is clopen
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% in $U_s$ iff it is clopen in $X$.
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Clearly this defines a Cantor scheme.
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\item Let $Y$ be a Polish space and $A \subseteq Y$ analytic
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and uncountable.
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Expand the topology on $Y$ so that $Y$ is zero dimensional
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and $A$ is still analytic.
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Then there exists a Polish space $X$
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and a continuous function $f\colon X \to Y$
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such that $f(X) = A$.
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$A$ is uncountable, so by (2)
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there exists non-empty disjoint clopen $V_0$, $V_1$
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such that $V_0 \cap A$ and $V_1 \cap A$
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are uncountable.
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Let $W_0 = f^{-1}(V_0 \cap A)$ and $W_1 = f^{-1}(V_1 \cap A)$.
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$ W_0$ and $W_1$ are clopen and disjoint.
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We can cover $W_0$ with countably many open sets
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of diameter $\le \frac{1}{n}$
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and similarly for $W_1$.
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Then pick open sets such that there image is uncountable.
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Repeating this construction we get a Cantor scheme on $X$.
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So we get $2^{\N} \overset{s}{\hookrightarrow} X$
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and by construction of the cantor scheme,
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we get that $f \circ s$ is injective and continuous.
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\end{itemize}
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\nr 4
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Proof of Schröder-Bernstein:
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Let $X_0 \coloneqq X$, $Y_0 \coloneqq Y$
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and define $X_{i+1} \coloneqq g(Y_i)$, $Y_{i+1 } \coloneqq g(X_i)$.
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We have $X_{i+1} \subseteq X_i$ and similarly for $Y_i$.
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$f$ and $g$ are bijections between
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$X_\omega \coloneqq \bigcap X_i$ and $Y_\omega \coloneqq \bigcap Y_i$.
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% https://q.uiver.app/#q=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\adjustbox{scale=0.7,center}{%
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\begin{tikzcd}
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{X \setminus X_\omega =} & {(X_0 \setminus X_1)} & \cup & {(X_0 \setminus X_1)} & \cup & {(X_0 \setminus X_1)} & \cdots & {} \\
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{Y\setminus Y_\omega =} & {(Y_0 \setminus Y_1)} & \cup & {(Y_0 \setminus Y_1)} & \cup & {(Y_0 \setminus Y_1)} & \cdots & {}
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\arrow["f"'{pos=0.7}, from=1-2, to=2-4]
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\arrow["g"{pos=0.1}, from=2-2, to=1-4]
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\arrow["f"{pos=0.8}, from=1-6, to=2-8]
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\arrow["g"{pos=0.1}, from=2-6, to=1-8]
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\end{tikzcd}
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}
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By \autoref{thm:lusinsouslin}
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the injective image via a Borel set of a Borel set is Borel.
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\autoref{thm:lusinsouslin} also gives that the inverse
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of a bijective Borel map is Borel.
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So we can just do the same proof and every set will be Borel.
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