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inputs/lecture_15.tex Normal file
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\lecture{15}{2023-12-05}{}
\todo{Lecture 15 is missing}

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inputs/tutorial_01.tex
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@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
\tutorial{01}{202-10-17}{} \tutorial{01}{2023-10-17}{}
% TODO MAIL
\begin{fact} \begin{fact}
A countable product of separable spaces $(X_n)_{n \in \N}$ is separable. A countable product of separable spaces $(X_n)_{n \in \N}$ is separable.
@ -66,5 +65,4 @@
In arbitrary topological spaces, In arbitrary topological spaces,
Lindelöf is the strongest of these notions. Lindelöf is the strongest of these notions.
\end{remark} \end{remark}

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inputs/tutorial_02.tex
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@ -1,11 +1,181 @@
\subsection{Sheet 1}
\tutorial{02}{2023-10-24}{} \tutorial{02}{2023-10-24}{}
% Points: 15 / 16 % Points: 15 / 16
\subsubsection{Exercise 4} \nr 1
\todo{handwritten solution}
\nr 2
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $d$ is an ultrametric:
Let $f,g,h \in X^{\N}$.
We need to show that $d(f,g) \le \max(d(f,h), d(g,h))$.
If $f = g$ this is trivial.
Otherwise let $n$ be minimal such that $f(n) \neq g(n)$.
Then $h(n) \neq f(n)$ or $ h(n) \neq g(n)$
must be the case.
W.l.o.g.~$h(n) \neq f(n)$.
Then $d(f,g) = \frac{1}{1+n} \le d(f,h)$.
\item $d$ induces the product topology on $X^{\N}$:
It suffices to show that the $\epsilon$-balls with respect to $d$
are exactly the basic open set of the product topology,
i.e.~the sets of the form
\[
\{x_1\} \times \ldots \times \{x_n\} \times X^{\N}
\]
for some $n \in \N$, $x_1,\ldots,x _n \in X$.
Let $\epsilon > 0$. Let $n$ be minimal such that $\frac{1}{1+n} \ge \epsilon$.
Then $B_{\epsilon}((x_i)_{i \in \N}) = \{x_1\} \times \{x_n\} \times X^{\N}$.
Since $\N \ni n \mapsto \frac{1}{1+n}$
is injective, every basic open set of the product topology
can be written in this way.
\item $d$ is complete:
Let $(f_n)_{n \in \N}$ be a Cauchy sequence with respect to $d$.
For $n \in \N$ take $N_n \in \N$
such that $d(f_i, f_j) < \frac{1}{1 + n}$.
Clearly $f_i(n) = f_j(n)$ for all $n > N_n$.
Define $f \in X^\N$ by $f(n) \coloneqq f_{N_n}(n)$.
Then $ (f_n)_{n \in \N}$
converges to $f$,
since for all $n > N_n$ $f_n$
\item If $X$ is countable, then $X^{\N}$ with the product topology
is a Polish space:
(We assume that $X$ is non-empty, as otherwise the claim is wrong)
We need to show that there exists a countable dense subset.
To this end, pick some $x_0 \in X$ and
consider the set $D \coloneqq \bigcup_{n\in \N} (X^n \times \{x_{0}\}^{\N})$.
Since $X$ is countable, so is $D$.
Take some $(a_n)_{n \in \N} \in X^{\N}$
and consider $B \coloneqq B_{\epsilon}((a_n)_{n \in \N})$.
Let $m$ be such that $\frac{1}{1+m} < \epsilon$.
Then $(b_{n})_{n \in \N} \in B \cap D$,
where $b_n \coloneqq a_n$ for $n \le m$ and $b_n \coloneqq x_0$
otherwise.
Hence $D$ is dense.
\end{enumerate}
\nr 3
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $S_{\infty}$ is a Polish space:
From (2) we know that $\N^{\N}$ is Polish.
Hence it suffices to show that $S_{\infty}$ is $G_{\delta}$
with respect to $\N^\N$.
Consider the sets $I \coloneqq \bigcap_{(i,j) \in \N^2, i < j} \{f \in \N^{\N} | f(i) \neq f(j)\}$
and $S \coloneqq \bigcap_{n \in \N} \{f \in \N^\N | n \in \im f\}$.
We have that $\{f \in \N^\N | f(i) \neq f(j)\} = \bigcup_{n \in \N} \N^{i-1} \times \{n\} \times \N^{i - j -1 } \times (\N \setminus \{n\} ) \times \N^\N$
is open.
Hence $I$ is $G_{\delta}$.
Furthermore $\{f \in \N^{\N} | n \in \im f\} = \bigcup_{k \in \N} \N^k \times \{n\} \times \N^\N$j
is open,
thus $S$ is $G_\delta$ as well.
In particular $S \cap G$ is $G_\delta$.
Since $I$ is the subset of injective functions
and $S$ is the subset of surjective functions,
we have that $S_{\infty} = I \cap S$.
\item $S_{\infty}$ is not locally compact:
Consider the point $x = (i)_{i \in \N} \in S_{\infty}$.
Let $x \in B$ be open. We need to show that there
is no closed compact set $C \supseteq B$
W.l.o.g.~let $B = (\{0\} \times \ldots \times \{n\} \times \N^\N) \cap S_\infty$
for some $n \in \N$.
Let $C \supseteq B$ be some closed set.
Consider the open covering
\[
\{S_{\infty} \setminus B\} \cup \{ B_j | j > n\}.
\]
where
\[
B_j \coloneqq (\{0\} \times \ldots \times \{n\} \times \{j\} \times \N^{\N}) \cap S_\infty.
\]
Clearly there cannot exist a finite subcover
as $B$ is the disjoint union of the $B_j$.
% TODO Think about this
\end{enumerate}
\nr 4
% (uniform metric)
%
% \begin{enumerate}[(a)]
% \item $d_u$ is a metric on $\cC(X,Y)$:
%
% It is clear that $d_u(f,f) = 0$.
%
% Let $f \neq g$. Then there exists $x \in X$ with
% $f(x) \neq g(x)$, hence $d_u(f,g) \ge d(f(x), g(x)) > 0$.
%
% Since $d$ is symmetric, so is $d_u$.
%
% Let $f,g,h \in \cC(X,Y)$.
% Take some $\epsilon > 0$
% choose $x_1, x_2 \in X$
% with $d_u(f,g) \le d(f(x_1), g(x_1)) + \epsilon$,
% $d_u(g,h) \le d(g(x_2), h(x_2)) + \epsilon$.
%
% Then for all $x \in X$
% \begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
% d(f(x), h(x)) &\le &
% d(f(x), g(x)) + d(g(x), h(x))\\
% &\le & d(f(x_1), g(x_1)) + d(g(x_2), h(x_2))-2\epsilon\\
% &\le & d_u(f,g) + d_u(g,h) - 2\epsilon.
% \end{IEEEeqnarray*}
% Thus $d_u(f,g) \le d_u(f,g) + d_u(g,h) - 2\epsilon$.
% Taking $\epsilon \to 0$ yields the triangle inequality.
%
% \item $\cC(X,Y)$ is a Polish space:
% \todo{handwritten solution}
%
% \begin{itemize}
% \item $d_u$ is a complete metric:
%
% Let $(f_n)_n$ be a Cauchy series with respect to $d_u$.
%
% Then clearly $(f_n(x))_n$ is a Cauchy sequence with respect
% to $d$ for every $x$.
% Hence there exists a pointwise limit $f$ of the $f_n$.
% We need to show that $f$ is continuous.
%
% %\todo{something something uniform convergence theorem}
%
% \item $(\cC(X,Y), d_u)$ is separable:
%
% Since $Y$ is separable, there exists a countable
% dense subset $S \subseteq Y$.
%
% Consider $\cC(X,S) \subseteq \cC(X,Y)$.
% Take some $f \in \cC(X,Y)$.
% Since $X$ is compact,
%
%
% % TODO
%
% \end{itemize}
% \end{enumerate}
\begin{fact} \begin{fact}
Let $X $ be a compact Hausdorffspace. Let $X $ be a compact Hausdorff space.
Then the following are equivalent: Then the following are equivalent:
\begin{enumerate}[(i)] \begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item $X$ is Polish, \item $X$ is Polish,
@ -32,7 +202,7 @@
Hausdorff spaces are normal Hausdorff spaces are normal
\end{proof} \end{proof}
Let $X$ be compact Polish (compact metrisable $\implies$ compact Polish) Let $X$ be compact Polish\footnote{compact metrisable $\implies$ compact Polish}
and $Y $ Polish. and $Y $ Polish.
Let $\cC(X,Y)$ be the set of continuous functions $X \to Y$. Let $\cC(X,Y)$ be the set of continuous functions $X \to Y$.
Consider the metric $d_u(f,g) \coloneqq \sup_{x \in X} |d(f(x), g(x))|$. Consider the metric $d_u(f,g) \coloneqq \sup_{x \in X} |d(f(x), g(x))|$.
@ -59,3 +229,4 @@ Clearly $d_u$ is a metric.
\begin{claim} \begin{claim}
There exists a countable dense subset. There exists a countable dense subset.
\end{claim} \end{claim}
\todo{handwritten solution}

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inputs/tutorial_03.tex
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\ctutorial{03}{2023-10-31}{} \subsection{Sheet 2}
\tutorial{03}{2023-10-31}{}
% 15 / 16 % 15 / 16
\begin{remark} \begin{remark}
$F_\sigma$ $F_\sigma$ stands for \vocab{ferm\'e sum denumerable}.
stands for ferm\'e sum denumerable.
\end{remark} \end{remark}
\subsection{Exercise 2} \nr 1
Let $(U_i)_{i < \omega}$ be a countable base of $X$.
Define
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
f\colon X &\longrightarrow & 2^{\omega} \\
x &\longmapsto & (x_i)_{i < \omega}
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
where $x_i = 1$ iff $x \in U_i$ and $x_i = 0$ otherwise.
Then $f^{-1}(\{y = (y_n) \in 2^\omega | y_n = 1\}) = U_n$
is open.
We have that $f$ is injective since $X$ is T1.
Let $f\colon X \hookrightarrow 2^\omega$ be such that
$f^{-1}(\{y = (y_n) \in 2^\omega | y_n = 1\})$.
Let $V \subseteq 2^{\omega}$ be closed.
Then $2^{\omega} \setminus V$ is open, i.e.~has the form
$\bigcup_{i \in I} ((\prod_{j<n_j} X_{i,j}) \times 2^{\omega})$
for some $X_{i,j} \subseteq 2$.
As $2^{\omega}$ is second countable, we may assume $I$ to be countable.
Then $V = \bigcap_{i \in I} \left(2^{\omega} \setminus ((\prod_{i <n_j} X_{i,j}) \times 2^{\omega})\right)$.
Since $f$ is injective, we have $f^{-1}(\bigcap_{a \in A} a) = \bigcap_{a \in A} f^{-1}(a)$.
Thus it suffices to show that $f^{-1}(2^{\omega} \setminus ((\prod_{i <n} X_{i}) \times 2^{\omega}))$
is $G_{\delta}$, as a countable intersection of $G_{\delta}$-sets
is $G_{\delta}$.
We have that $U_k \coloneqq f^{-1}(\{y = (y_i) \in 2^{\omega} : y_k = 1\})$
is open. Since $f$ is injective
$f^{-1}(\{y = (y_i) \in 2^{\omega} : y_k = 0\}) = X \setminus U_k$
is closed, in particular it is $G_\delta$.
Let $x = (x_1,\ldots, x_n) \in 2^{n} \setminus (\prod_{i < n} X_i)$.
Then $f^{-1}(\{x\} \times 2^\omega) = \bigcap_{i < n}\bigcap U'_n$
is $G_{\delta}$, were $U'_i = U_i$ if $x_k = i$
and $U'_i = X \setminus U_i$ otherwise.
Since $2^{n} \setminus \left( \prod_{i < n} X_i \right)$
is finite, we get that
$f^{-1}(2^{\omega} \setminus ((\prod_{i <n} X_{i}) \times 2^{\omega}))$
is $G_\delta$ as a finite union of $G_{\delta}$ sets.
\nr 2
\todo{handwritten solution}
(b) (b)
Let $f(x^{(i)})$ be a sequence in $f(X)$. Let $f(x^{(i)})$ be a sequence in $f(X)$.
Suppose that $f(x^{(i)}) \to y$. Suppose that $f(x^{(i)}) \to y$.
@ -18,8 +64,7 @@ Then $\pi_{\text{odd}}(f(x^{(i)}) \to \pi_{\text{odd}}(y)$.
Since $\pi_{\text{even}}$ converges, we have $\pi_{\text{odd}}(y) \in X$. Since $\pi_{\text{even}}$ converges, we have $\pi_{\text{odd}}(y) \in X$.
\subsection{Exercise 3} \nr 3
\begin{example} \begin{example}
Consider Consider
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl} \begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
@ -31,7 +76,6 @@ Since $\pi_{\text{even}}$ converges, we have $\pi_{\text{odd}}(y) \in X$.
and $\osc_f(x) = 0$ for $x \not\in \Q$. and $\osc_f(x) = 0$ for $x \not\in \Q$.
\end{example} \end{example}
\begin{definition} \begin{definition}
We say that $f\colon X \to Y$ is continuous We say that $f\colon X \to Y$ is continuous
at $a \in X$, at $a \in X$,
@ -40,13 +84,11 @@ Since $\pi_{\text{even}}$ converges, we have $\pi_{\text{odd}}(y) \in X$.
then $f^{-1}(N)$ is a neighbourhood of $a$. then $f^{-1}(N)$ is a neighbourhood of $a$.
\end{definition} \end{definition}
\begin{theorem}[Kuratowski] \begin{theorem}[Kuratowski]
Let $X$ be metrizable, $Y$ completely metrizable, Let $X$ be metrizable, $Y$ completely metrizable,
$f\colon S \to Y$ continuous. $S \subseteq X$ and $f\colon S \to Y$ continuous.
Then $f$ can be extended to a continuous fnuction $f_n$ Then $f$ can be extended to a continuous function $\tilde{f}$
on a $G_\delta$ set $G$ with $S \subseteq G \subseteq \overline{G}$. on a $G_\delta$ set $G$ with $S \subseteq G \subseteq \overline{S}$.
\end{theorem} \end{theorem}
\begin{proof} \begin{proof}
Let $G \coloneqq \overline{S} \cap \{x \in X | \osc_f(x) = 0\}$. Let $G \coloneqq \overline{S} \cap \{x \in X | \osc_f(x) = 0\}$.
@ -65,15 +107,12 @@ Since $\pi_{\text{even}}$ converges, we have $\pi_{\text{odd}}(y) \in X$.
is an intersection of open sets. is an intersection of open sets.
For $x \in G$, as $x \in \overline{S}$, For $x \in G$, as $x \in \overline{S}$,
there exists $(x_n)_{x_n < \omega}$, $x_n \in S_$ there exists $(x_n)_{x_n < \omega}$, $x_n \in S$
such that $x_n \to x$. such that $x_n \to x$.
We have that $(f(x_n))_n$ is Cauchy, We have that $(f(x_n))_n$ is Cauchy,
as $\osc_f(x) = 0$. as $\osc_f(x) = 0$.
% TODO
\todo{Something is missing here} \todo{Something is missing here}
\end{proof} \end{proof}
\begin{corollary} \begin{corollary}
@ -81,20 +120,74 @@ Since $\pi_{\text{even}}$ converges, we have $\pi_{\text{odd}}(y) \in X$.
Then $Y$ is $G_{\delta}$. Then $Y$ is $G_{\delta}$.
\end{corollary} \end{corollary}
\begin{proof} \begin{proof}
Consider the identity $f\colon Y \hookrightarrow X$. \todo{TODO}
Then $f$ can be extended to a $G_{\delta}$ set. % Consider the identity $f\colon Y \hookrightarrow X$.
$f$ and $\id_G$ agree on $Y$. % Then $f$ can be extended to a $G_{\delta}$ set $G \subseteq X$
Hence $Y \subseteq G \subseteq \overline{Y}$. % with $Y \subseteq G \subseteq \overline{Y}$.
$Y$ is dense in $G$ and $\cod(f)$ is ltd.\todo{????} % $\tilde{f}$ and $\id_G$ agree on $Y$.
So $f = \id_G$, i.e.~$G = Y$. % $Y$ is dense in $G$ and the codomain of $f$ is ltd.\todo{????}
% So $f = \id_G$, i.e.~$G = Y$.
\end{proof} \end{proof}
\subsection{Exercise 4} \nr 4
\begin{enumerate}[(1)]
\item $f$ is a topological embedding:
Consider a basic open set
$B = \prod_{i < n} X_i \times \omega^{\omega}$
for some $X_i \subseteq \omega$.
Let $C$ be the subspace of $2^{\omega}$ consisting Then $f(B) = \left(\bigcup_{x \in \prod_{i<n} X_i} B_x \right) \cap f(\omega^{\omega})$
of sequences with finitely many $1$s. is open in $f(\omega^{\omega})$,
We want to show that $C \cong \Q$. where $B_x \coloneqq \{0^{x_0}10^{x_1}1\ldots 10^{x_n-1}1\} \times 2^{\omega}$.
Go to the right in the even digits, go to the left for the odd digits, On the other hand let $C = \{x_0x_1x_2x_3x_4 \ldots x_{n-1}\}\times 2^{\omega}$
i.e.~let $C = (1,-1,1,-1, \ldots)$ be some basic open set of $2^{\omega}$.
and set $x < y$ iff $C \cdot x <_{\text{lex}} C \cdot y$. W.l.o.g.~$x_0x_1\ldots x_{n-1}$
has the form $0^{a_0}10^{a_1}1\ldots 10^{a_k}x_{n-1}$.
If $x_{n-1} = 1$,
we get
\[
f^{-1}(C \cap f(\omega^{\omega})) = \{(a_0,a_1,\ldots,a_k)\} \times \omega^{\omega}.
\]
In the case of $x_{n-1} = 0$,
it is
\[
f^{-1}(C \cap f(\omega^\omega)) = \bigcup_{b > a_k} \{(a_0,a_1,\ldots,a_{k-1}, b)\} \times \omega^{\omega}.
\]
In both cases the preimage is open.
\item $C \coloneqq 2^{\omega} \setminus f(\omega^\omega)$
is countable and dense in $2^{\omega}$.
We have $C = \{x \in 2^{\omega} | x_i = 0 \text{ for all but finitely many $i$}\} = \bigcup_{i < \omega} (2^{i} \times 1^{\omega})$.
Clearly this is countable.
For denseness take some $x \in 2^\omega$.
Let $x^{(n)}$ be defined by $x^{(n)}_i = x_i$ for $i < n$
and $x^{(n)}_i = 0$ for $i \ge n$.
Then $x^{(n)} \in C$ for all $n$,
and $x^{(n)}$ converges to $x$.
\item $f(\omega^\omega)$ is $G_\delta$:
We have
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
f(\omega^\omega) &=& 2^\omega \setminus \left(\bigcup_{i < \omega} (2^{i} \times 1^{\omega})\right)\\
&=& \bigcap_{i < \omega} \left(2^{\omega} \setminus(2^{i} \times 1^{\omega})\right).
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
\item $C$ as in (2) is homeomorphic to $\Q$.
Go to the right in the even digits, go to the left for the odd digits,
i.e.~let $C = (1,-1,1,-1, \ldots)$
and set $x < y$ iff $C \cdot x <_{\text{lex}} C \cdot y$,
where $<_{\text{lex}}$ denotes the lexicographical ordering.
Note that the order topology of $<$ on $C$
agrees with the subspace topology from $2^\omega$.
By Cantor's theorem for countable, unbounded, dense linear
linear orders,
we get an order isomorphism $C \leftrightarrow \Q$.
This is also a homeomorphism, as the topologies
on $C$ and $\Q$ are the respective order topologies.
\end{enumerate}

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@ -1,70 +1,205 @@
\tutorial{04}{2023-11-14}{} \subsection{Sheet 3}
\subsection{Sheet 4} \tutorial{04}{}{}
% 14 / 20 \nr 1
\subsubsection{Exercise 1}
Let $A \neq \emptyset$ be discrete.
For $D \subseteq A^{\omega}$,
let
\[
T_D \coloneqq \{x\defon{n} \in A^{<\omega} | x \in D, n \in \N\}..
\]
\begin{enumerate}[(a)] \begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $\langle X_\alpha : \alpha\rangle$ \item For any $D \subseteq A^\omega$, $T_D$ is a pruned tree:
is a descending chain of closed sets (transfinite induction).
Since $X$ is second countable, there cannot exist Clearly $T_D$ is a tree.
uncountable strictly decreasing chains of closed sets: Let $x \in T_D$.
Then there exists $d \in D$ such that $x = d\defon{n}$.
Hence $x \subseteq d\defon{n+1} \in T_D$.
Thus $x$ is not a leaf, i.e.~$T_D$ is pruned.
\item For any $T \subseteq A^{<\omega}$, $[T]$ is a closed subset
of $A^{\omega}$:
Suppose $\langle X_{\alpha}, \alpha < \omega_1\rangle$ Let $a \in A^{\omega} \setminus [T]$.
was such a sequence, Then there exists some $n$ such that $a\defon{n} \not\in T$.
then $X \setminus X_{\alpha}$ is open for every $\alpha$, Hence $\{a_0\} \times \ldots \times \{a_{n+1}\} \times A^{\omega}$
Let $\{U_n : n < \omega\}$ be a countable basis. is an open neighbourhood of $a$ disjoint from $[T]$.
Then $N(\alpha) = \{n | U_n \cap (X \setminus X_\alpha) \neq \emptyset\}$,
is a strictly ascending chain in $\omega$.
\item We need to show that $X_{\alpha_0}$ is perfect and closed. \item $T \mapsto [T]$ is a bijection between the
It is closed since all $X_{\alpha}$ are, pruned trees on $A$ and the closed subsets of $A^{\omega}$.
and perfect, as a closed set $F$ is perfect
iff it coincides $F'$.
$X \setminus X_{\alpha_0}$ \begin{claim}
is countable: $[T_D] = D$ for any closed subset $D \subseteq A^{\omega}$.
$X_{\alpha} \setminus X_{\alpha + 1}$ is \end{claim}
countable as for every $x$ there exists a basic open set $U$, \begin{subproof}
such that $U \cap X_{\alpha} = \{x\}$, Clearly $D \subseteq [T_D]$.
and the space is second countable. Let $x \in [T_D]$.
Hence $X \setminus X_{\alpha_0}$ Then for every $n < \omega$,
is countable as a countable union of countable sets. there exists some $d_n \in D$ such that
$d_n\defon{n} = x\defon{n}$.
Clearly the $d_n$ converge to $x$.
Since $D$ is closed, we get $x \in D$.
\end{subproof}
This shows that $T \mapsto [T]$ is surjective.
Now let $T \neq T'$ be pruned trees.
Then there exists $x \in T \mathop{\triangle} T'$,
wlog.~$x \in T \setminus T'$.
Since $T$ is pruned
by applying the axiom of countable choice
we get an infinite branch $x' \in [T] \setminus [T']$.
Hence the map is injective.
\item Let $N_s \coloneqq \{x \in A^{\omega} | s \subseteq x\}$.
Show that every open $U \subseteq A^{\omega}$
can be written as $U = \bigcup_{s \in S} N_s$
for some set of pairwise incompatible $S \subseteq A^{<\omega}$.
Let $U$ be open.
Then $U$ has the form
\[
U = \bigcup_{i \in I} X_i \times A^{\omega}
\]
for some $X_i \subseteq A^{n_i}$, $n_i < \omega$.
Clearly
$U = \bigcup_{s \in S'} N_s$
for
$S' \coloneqq \bigcup_{i \in I} X_i$.
Define
\[
S \coloneqq \{s \in S' | \lnot\exists t \in S'.~t\subseteq s \land |t| < |s|\}.
\]
Then the elements of $S$ are pairwise incompatible
and $U = \bigcup_{s \in S} N_s$.
\item Let $T \subseteq A^{<\omega}$ be an infinite tree which is finitely
splitting.
Then $[T]$ is nonempty:
Let us recursively construct a sequence of compatible $s_n \in T$
with $|s_n| = n$
such that $\{s_n\} \times A^{<\omega} \cap T$ is infinite.
Let $s_0$ be the empty sequence;
by assumption $T$ is infinite.
Suppose that $s_n$ has been chosen.
Since $T$ is finitely splitting, there are only finitely
many $a \in A$ with $s_n\concat a \in T$.
Since $ \{s_n\} \times A^{<\omega} \cap T$
is infinite,
there must exist at least on $a \in A$
such that $\{s_n\concat a\} \times A^{<\omega} \cap T$
is infinite.
Define $s_{n+1} \coloneqq s_n \concat a$.
Then the union of the $s_n$ is an infinite branch of $T$,
i.e.~$[T]$ is nonempty.
\item Then $[T]$ is compact:
\todo{TODO}
% Let $\langle s_n, n <\omega \rangle$
% be a Cauchy sequence in $[T]$.
% Then for every $m < \omega$
% there exists an $N < \omega$ such that
% $s_n\defon{m} = s_{n'}\defon{m}$
% for all $n, n' > N$.
% Thus there exists a pointwise limit $s$ of the $s_n$.
% Since for all $m$ we have $s\defon{m} = s_n\defon{m} \in [T]$
% for $m$ large enough,
% we get $s \in [T]$.
% Hence $[T]$ is sequentially compact.
\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}
\nr 2
\todo{handwritten}
\nr 3
\todo{handwritten}
\subsection{Exercise 3} \nr 4
\begin{itemize} \begin{notation}
\item Let $Y \subseteq \R$ be $G_\delta$ For $A \subseteq X$ let $A'$ denote the set of
such that $Y$ and $\R \setminus Y$ are dense in $\R$. accumulation points of $A$.
Then $Y \cong \cN$. \end{notation}
$Y$ is Polish, since it is $G_\delta$. \begin{theorem}
Let $X$ be a Polish space.
Then there exists a unique partition $X = P \sqcup U$
of $X$ into a perfect closed subset $P$ and a countable open subset $U$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
$Y$ is 0-dimensional, Let $P$ be the set of condensation points of $X$
since the sets $(a,b) \cap Y$ for $a, b \in \R \setminus Y$ and $U \coloneqq X \setminus P$.
form a clopen basis.
Each compact subset of $Y$ has empty interior: \begin{claim}
Let $K \subseteq Y$ be compact $U$ is open and countable.
and $U \subseteq K$ be open in $Y$. \end{claim}
Then we can find cover of $U$ that has no finite subcover $\lightning$. \begin{subproof}
Let $S$ be a countable dense subset.
For each $x \in U$,
there is an $\epsilon_x > 0$, $s_x \in S$ such that $x \in B_{\epsilon_x}(s_x)$
is at most countable.
Clearly $B_{\epsilon_x}(s_x) \subseteq U$,
as for every $y \in B_{\epsilon_x}(s_x)$,
$B_{\epsilon_x}(s_x)$ witnesses that $y \not\in P$.
Thus $U = \bigcup_{x \in U} B_{\epsilon_x}(s_x)$
is open.
Wlog.~$\epsilon_x \in \Q$ for all $x$.
Then the RHS is the union of at most
countably many countable sets, as $S \times \Q$
is countable.
\end{subproof}
\item Let $Y \subseteq \R$ be $G_\delta$ and dense \begin{claim}
such that $\R \setminus Y$ is dense as well. $P$ is perfect.
Define $Z \coloneqq \{x \in \R^2 | |x| \in Y\} \subseteq \R^2$. \end{claim}
Then $Z$ is dense in $\R^2$ \begin{subproof}
and $\R^2 \setminus \Z$ is dense in $\R^2$. Let $x \in P'$ and $x \in U$ an open neighbourhood.
Then there exists $y \in P \cap U$.
In particular, $U$ is an open neighbourhood of $ y$,
hence $U$ is uncountable.
It follows that $x \in P$.
On the other hand let $x \in P$
and let $U$ be an open neighbourhood.
We need to show that $U \cap P \setminus \{x\}$
is not empty.
Suppose that for all $y \in U \cap P \setminus \{x\}$,
there is an open neighbourhood $U_y$
such that $U_y$ is at most countable.
Wlog.~$U_y = B_{\epsilon_y}(s_y)$ for some $s_y \in S$, $\epsilon_y > 0$,
where $S$ is again a countable dense subset.
Wlog.~$\epsilon_y \in \Q$.
But then
\[
U = \{x\} \cup \bigcup_{y \in U} B_{\epsilon_y}(s_y)
\]
is at most countable as a countable union of countable sets,
contradiction $x \in P$.
\end{subproof}
We have that for every $y \in Y$ \begin{claim}
$\partial B_y(0) \subseteq Z$. Let $P,U$ be defined as above
and let $P_2 \subseteq X$, $U_2 \subseteq X$
be such that $P_2$ is perfect and closed,
$U_2$ is countable and open
and $X = P_2 \sqcup U_2$.
Then $P_2 = P$ and $U_2 = U$.
\end{claim}
\todo{TODO}
\end{proof}
\begin{corollary}
Other example: Any Polish space is either countable or has cardinality equal to $\fc$.
Consider $\R^2 \setminus \Q^2$. \end{corollary}
\end{itemize} \begin{subproof}
\todo{TODO}
\end{subproof}

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\tutorial{05}{}{} \subsection{Sheet 4}
\tutorial{05}{2023-11-14}{}
% Sheet 5 - 18.5 / 20 % 14 / 20
\subsection{Exercise 1} \nr 1
Let $B \subseteq C$ be comeager.
Then $B = B_1 \cup B_2$,
where $B_1$ is dense $G_\delta$
and $B_2$ is meager.
\begin{fact} \begin{enumerate}[(a)]
$X$ is Baire iff every non-empty open set is non-meager. \item $\langle X_\alpha : \alpha\rangle$
is a descending chain of closed sets (transfinite induction).
In particular, let $X$ be Baire, Since $X$ is second countable, there cannot exist
then $U \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} X$ uncountable strictly decreasing chains of closed sets:
is Baire.
\end{fact}
\subsection{Exercise 4} Suppose $\langle X_{\alpha}, \alpha < \omega_1\rangle$
was such a sequence,
then $X \setminus X_{\alpha}$ is open for every $\alpha$,
Let $\{U_n : n < \omega\}$ be a countable basis.
Then $N(\alpha) = \{n | U_n \cap (X \setminus X_\alpha) \neq \emptyset\}$,
is a strictly ascending chain in $\omega$.
\begin{enumerate}[(i)] \item We need to show that $X_{\alpha_0}$ is perfect and closed.
\item $|B| = \fc$, since $B$ contains a comeager It is closed since all $X_{\alpha}$ are,
$G_\delta$ set, $B'$: and perfect, as a closed set $F$ is perfect
$B'$ is Polish, iff it coincides $F'$.
hence $B' = P \cup C$
for $P$ perfect and $C$ countable, $X \setminus X_{\alpha_0}$
and $|P| \in \{\fc, 0\}$. is countable:
But $B'$ can't contain isolated point$. $X_{\alpha} \setminus X_{\alpha + 1}$ is
countable as for every $x$ there exists a basic open set $U$,
such that $U \cap X_{\alpha} = \{x\}$,
and the space is second countable.
Hence $X \setminus X_{\alpha_0}$
is countable as a countable union of countable sets.
\end{enumerate}
\nr 2
\todo{handwritten}
\nr 3
\begin{itemize}
\item Let $Y \subseteq \R$ be $G_\delta$
such that $Y$ and $\R \setminus Y$ are dense in $\R$.
Then $Y \cong \cN$.
$Y$ is Polish, since it is $G_\delta$.
$Y$ is 0-dimensional,
since the sets $(a,b) \cap Y$ for $a, b \in \R \setminus Y$
form a clopen basis.
Each compact subset of $Y$ has empty interior:
Let $K \subseteq Y$ be compact
and $U \subseteq K$ be open in $Y$.
Then we can find cover of $U$ that has no finite subcover $\lightning$.
\item Let $Y \subseteq \R$ be $G_\delta$ and dense
such that $\R \setminus Y$ is dense as well.
Define $Z \coloneqq \{x \in \R^2 | |x| \in Y\} \subseteq \R^2$.
Then $Z$ is dense in $\R^2$
and $\R^2 \setminus \Z$ is dense in $\R^2$.
We have that for every $y \in Y$
$\partial B_y(0) \subseteq Z$.
Other example:
Consider $\R^2 \setminus \Q^2$.
\end{itemize}
\nr 4
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Let $d$ be a compatible, complete metric on $X$, wlog.~$d \le 1$.
Set $ U_{\emptyset} \coloneqq X$.
Suppose that $U_{s}$ has already been chosen.
Then $D_s \coloneqq X \setminus U_s$ is closed.
Hence $U_s^{(n)} \coloneqq \{x \in X | \dist(x,D_s) > \frac{1}{n}\}$
is open.
Let $m$ be such that $D_s^{(m)} \neq \emptyset$.
Clearly $\overline{U_s^{(n)}} \subseteq U_s$.
Let $(B_k)_{k < \omega}$ be a countable cover of $X$
consisting of balls of diameter $2^{-|s|-2}$.
Take some bijection $\phi\colon \omega \to \omega \times (\omega \setminus m)$
and set $U_{s\concat i} \coloneqq U_s^{(\pi_1\left( \phi(i) \right))} \cap B_{\pi_2(\phi(i))}$,
where there $\pi_i$ denote the projections
(if this is empty, set $U_{s \concat i} \coloneqq U_s^{\pi_1(\phi(j))} \cap B_{\pi_2(\phi(j))}$
for some arbitarily chosen $j < \omega$ such that it is not empty).
Then $\overline{U_{s \concat i}} \subseteq \overline{U_s^{(n)}} \subseteq U_s$,
\[
\bigcup_{i < \omega} U_{s \concat i} = \bigcup_{n < \omega} U_{s}^{\left( n \right) } = U_s
\]
and $\diam(U_{s \concat i}) \le \diam(B_{\pi_2(\phi(i))})$.
\item Let $s \in \omega^\omega$.
Then
\[
\bigcap_{n < \omega} \overline{U_{s\defon{n}}}
\]
contains exactly one point.
Let $f$ be the function that maps an $s \in \omega^{\omega}$
to the unique point in the intersection of the $\overline{U_{s\defon{n}}}$.
Let $x \in X$ be some point.
Then by induction we can construct a sequence $s \in \omega^{\omega}$
such that $x \in U_{s\defon{n}}$ for all $n$,
hence $x = f(s)$, i.e.~$f$ is surjective.
Let $B \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} X$.
Then $B = \bigcup_{i \in I} U_i$
for some $i \subseteq \omega^{<\omega}$,
as every basic open set can be recovered as a union of $U_i$
and $f^{-1}(B) = \bigcup_{i \in I} \left( \{i_0\} \times \ldots \{i_{|i|-1}\} \right) \times \omega^{\omega}$ is open,
hence $f$ is continuous.
On the other hand, consider an open ball $B \coloneqq \{\prod_{i < n} \{x_i\}\} \times \omega^{\omega} \subseteq \omega^{\omega}$.
Then $f(B) = U_{(x_0,\ldots,x_{n-1})}$ is open,
hence $f$ is open.
\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}

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\tutorial{06}{2023-11-28}{} \subsection{Sheet 5}
% 5 / 20 \tutorial{06}{}{}
\subsection{Exercise 1} % Sheet 5 - 18.5 / 20
\begin{warning} \nr 1
Note that not every set has a density! \todo{handwritten}
\end{warning} Let $B \subseteq C$ be comeager.
Then $B = B_1 \cup B_2$,
\begin{enumerate}[(a)] where $B_1$ is dense $G_\delta$
\item Let $X = \bI^{\omega}$. and $B_2$ is meager.
Let $C_0 = \{(x_n) : x_n \to 0\}$.
Claim: $C_0 \in \Pi^0_3(X)$ (intersections of $F_\sigma$ sets).
We have
\[
x \in C_0 \iff \forall q \in \Q^+.~\exists N.~\forall n \ge N.~x_n \le q,
\]
i.e.
\[
C_0 = \bigcap_{q \in \Q^+}\bigcup_{N < \omega} \bigcap_{n > N} \{x_n : x_n \le q\}.
\]
Clearly this is a $\Pi^0_3$ set.
\item Let $Z \coloneqq \{f \in 2^{\omega} : f(\N) \text{ has density 0}\}$.
Claim: $Z \in \Pi^0_3(2^{\N})$.
It is
\[
Z = \bigcap_{q \in \Q^+} \bigcup_{N < \omega}
\bigcap_{n \ge N}\{f \in 2^{\omega} : \frac{\sum_{i < n} f(i)}{n} \le nq\}.
\]
Clearly this is a $\Pi^0_3$-set.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Exercise 2}
\begin{fact} \begin{fact}
Let $(X,\tau)$ be a Polish space and $X$ is Baire iff every non-empty open set is non-meager.
$A \in \cB(X)$.
Then there exists $\tau' \supseteq \tau$
with the same Borel sets as $\tau$
such that $A$ is clopen.
(Do it for $A$ closed, In particular, let $X$ be Baire,
then show that the sets which work then $U \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} X$
form a $\sigma$-algebra). is Baire.
\end{fact} \end{fact}
\nr 2
Let $(U_i)_{i < \omega}$ be a countable base of $Y$.
We want to find a $G_\delta$ set $A \subseteq X$
such that $f\defon{A}$ is continuous.
It suffices make sure that $f^{-1}\defon{A}(U_i)$ is open for all $i < \omega$.
Take some $i < \omega$.
Then $V_i \setminus M_i \subseteq f^{-1}(U_i) \subseteq V_i \cup M_i$,
where $V_i$ is open and $M_i$ is meager.
Let $M'_i \supseteq M_i$ be a meager $F_\sigma$-set.
Now let $A \coloneqq X \setminus \bigcup_{i <\omega} M_i'$.
We have that $A$ is a countable intersection of open dense sets,
hence it is dense and $G_\delta$.
For any $i < \omega$,
$V_i \cap A \subseteq f\defon{A}^{-1}(U_i) \subseteq (V_i \cup M_i) \cap A = V_i \cap A$,
so $f\defon{A}^{-1}(U_i) = V_i \cap A$ is open.
\nr 3
\todo{handwritten}
\nr 4
\begin{enumerate}[(a)] \begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Let $(X, \tau)$ be Polish. \item $|B| = \fc$, since $B$ contains a comeager
We want to expand $\tau$ to a Polish topology $G_\delta$ set, $B'$:
$\tau_0$ maintaining the Borel sets, $B'$ is Polish,
such that $(X, \tau')$ is 0d. hence $B' = P \cup C$
for $P$ perfect and $C$ countable,
and $|P| \in \{\fc, 0\}$.
But $B'$ can't contain isolated point$.
\item To ensure that (a) holds, it suffices to chose
$a_i \not\in F_i$.
Since $|B| = \fc$ and $|\{a_i | j < i\}| = |i| < \fc$,
there exists some $x \in B \setminus \{\pi_1(a_j)| j <i\}$,
where $\pi$ denotes the projection.
Choose one such $x$.
We need to find $y \in \R$,
such that $(x,y) \not\in F_i$
and $\{a_j | j < i\} \cup \{(x,y)\}$
does not contain three collinear points.
Let $(U_n)_{n < \omega}$ be a countable base of $(X,\tau)$. Since $(F_i)_x$ is meager, we have that
Each $U_n$ is open, hence Borel, $|\{x\} \times \R \setminus F_i| = |\R \setminus (F_i)_x| = \fc$.
so by a theorem from the lecture$^{\text{tm}}$ Let $L \coloneqq \{y \in \R | \exists j < k < i. ~a_j, a_k,(x,y) \text{are collinear}\}$.
there exists a Polish topology $\tau_n$ Since every pair $a_j \neq a_k, j < k < i$,
such that $U_n$ is clopen, preserving Borel sets. adds at most one point to $L$,
we get $|L| \le |i|^2 < \fc$.
Hence $|\R \setminus (F_i)_x \setminus L| = \fc$.
In particular, the set is non empty, and we find $y$ as desired
and can set $a_i \coloneqq (x,y)$.
% We have not chosen too many points so far.
% So there are not too many lines,
% we can not choose a point from,
% but there are many points in $B$.
\item $A$ is by construction not a subset of any $F_\sigma$ meager set.
Hence it is not meager, since any meager set is contained
in an $F_\sigma$ meager set.
\item For every $x \in \R$ we have that $A_x$ contains at most
two points, hence it is meager.
In particular $\{x \in \R | A_x \text{ is meager}\} = \R$
is comeager.
However $A$ is not meager.
Hence $A$ can not be a set with the Baire property
by the theorem.
In particular, the assumption of the set having
the BP is necessary.
Hence we get $\tau_\infty$
such that all the $V_n$ are clopen in $\tau_\infty$.
Let $\tau^{1} \coloneqq \tau_\infty$.
Do this $\omega$-many times to get $\tau^{\omega}$.
$\tau^{\omega}$ has a base consisting
of finite intersections $A_1 \cap \ldots \cap A_n$,
where $A_i$ is a basis element we chose
to construct $\tau_i$,
hence clopen.
\item Let $(X, \tau_X), Y$ be Polish
and $f\colon X \to Y$ Borel.
Show $\exists \tau' \supseteq \tau$ maintaining the Borel structure
with $f$ continuous.
Let $(U_n)_n$ be a countable base of $Y$.
Clopenize all the preimages of the $(U_n)_n$.
\item Let $f\colon X \to Y$ be a Borel isomorphism.
Then there are finer topologies preserving the Borel
structure
such that $f\colon X' \to Y'$ is a homeomorphism.
Repeatedly apply (c).
Get $\tau_X^1$ to make $f$ continuous.
Then get $\tau_Y^1$ to make $f^{-1}$ continuous
(possibly violating continuity of $f$)
and so on.
Let $\tau_X^\omega \coloneqq \langle \tau_X^n \rangle$
and similarly for $\tau_Y^\omega$.
\end{enumerate}
\begin{idea}
If you do something and it didn't work,
try doing it again ($\omega$-many times).
\end{idea}
\subsection{Exercise 3}
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Show that if $\Gamma$ is self-dual (closed under complements)
and closed under continuous preimages,
then for any topological space $X$,
there does not exist an $X$-universal set for $\Gamma(X)$.
Suppose there is an $X$-universal set for $\Gamma(X)$,
i.e.~$U \subseteq X \times X$
such that $U \in \Gamma(X \times X) \land \{U_x : \in X\} = \Gamma(X)$.
Consider $X \xrightarrow[x\mapsto (x,x)]{d} X \times X$.
Let $V = U^c$.
Then $V \in \Gamma(X \times X)$ and $d^{-1}(V) \in \Gamma(X)$.
Then $d^{-1}(V) = U_x$ for some $x$.
But then $(x,x) \in U \iff x \in d^{-1}(V) \iff (x,x) \not\in U \lightning$.
\item Let $\xi$ be an ordinal
and let $X$ be a topological space.
Show that neither $\cB(X)$ nor $\Delta^0_\xi(X)$ can have $X$-universal
sets.
Clearly $\cB(X)$ is self-dual and closed under continuous preimages.
Clearly $\Delta^0_\xi(X)$ is self-dual
and closed under continuous preimages (by a trivial induction).
\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}
\subsection{Exercise 4}
Recall:
\begin{fact}[Sheet 5, Exercise 1]
Let $\emptyset\neq X$ be a Baire space.
Then $\forall A \subseteq X$,
$A$ is either meager or locally comeager.
\end{fact}
\begin{theorem}[Kechris 16.1]
Let $X, Y$ be Polish.
Let
\[\cA \coloneqq \{A \in \cB(X \times Y) : \forall \emptyset \neq U \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} Y.~
A_U \coloneqq \{ x \in X : A_x \text{ is not meager in $U$}\} \text{ is Borel}\}.\]
Then $\cA$ contains all Borel sets.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item Show for $V \in \cB(X), W \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} Y$
that $V \times W \in \cA$.
Clearly $V \times W$ is Borel
and $\{x \in X: W \cap U \text{ is not meager}\} \in \{\emptyset, V\}$.
\item Let $(A_n)_{n < \omega} \in \cA^{\omega}$.
Then $\bigcap_n A_n \in \cA$.
($(\bigcup_n A_n)_U = \bigcup_n (A_{n})_U$).
\item Let $A \in \cA$ and $B = A^c$.
Fix $\emptyset\neq U \subseteq Y$.
Then $\{x : A_x \text{is not meager in $U$}\}$ is Borel,
i.e.~$\{x : A_x^c \text{ is not meager in $U$}\}$ is Borel.
Since $A$ is Borel, $A_x$ is Borel as well.
Hence by the fact:
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
&& \{x : A_x^c \text{ is not meager in $U$}\}\\
&=& \{x \colon A_x^c \text{ is locally comeager in $U$}\}\\
&=& \{x \colon \exists \emptyset\neq V \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} V.~ A_x \text{ is meager in $V$}\}\\
&=& \bigcup_{\emptyset \neq V \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} U} A_V^c
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
(a countable union suffices, since we only need to check this for $V$ of the basis; if $A \subseteq V$ is nwd, then $A \cap U \subseteq U$ is nwd for all $U \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} V$).
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}

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\tutorial{07}{2023-11-28}{}
% 5 / 20
\subsection{Exercise 1}
\begin{warning}
Note that not every set has a density!
\end{warning}
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Let $X = \bI^{\omega}$.
Let $C_0 = \{(x_n) : x_n \to 0\}$.
Claim: $C_0 \in \Pi^0_3(X)$ (intersections of $F_\sigma$ sets).
We have
\[
x \in C_0 \iff \forall q \in \Q^+.~\exists N.~\forall n \ge N.~x_n \le q,
\]
i.e.
\[
C_0 = \bigcap_{q \in \Q^+}\bigcup_{N < \omega} \bigcap_{n > N} \{x_n : x_n \le q\}.
\]
Clearly this is a $\Pi^0_3$ set.
\item Let $Z \coloneqq \{f \in 2^{\omega} : f(\N) \text{ has density 0}\}$.
Claim: $Z \in \Pi^0_3(2^{\N})$.
It is
\[
Z = \bigcap_{q \in \Q^+} \bigcup_{N < \omega}
\bigcap_{n \ge N}\{f \in 2^{\omega} : \frac{\sum_{i < n} f(i)}{n} \le nq\}.
\]
Clearly this is a $\Pi^0_3$-set.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Exercise 2}
\begin{fact}
Let $(X,\tau)$ be a Polish space and
$A \in \cB(X)$.
Then there exists $\tau' \supseteq \tau$
with the same Borel sets as $\tau$
such that $A$ is clopen.
(Do it for $A$ closed,
then show that the sets which work
form a $\sigma$-algebra).
\end{fact}
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Let $(X, \tau)$ be Polish.
We want to expand $\tau$ to a Polish topology
$\tau_0$ maintaining the Borel sets,
such that $(X, \tau')$ is 0d.
Let $(U_n)_{n < \omega}$ be a countable base of $(X,\tau)$.
Each $U_n$ is open, hence Borel,
so by a theorem from the lecture$^{\text{tm}}$
there exists a Polish topology $\tau_n$
such that $U_n$ is clopen, preserving Borel sets.
Hence we get $\tau_\infty$
such that all the $V_n$ are clopen in $\tau_\infty$.
Let $\tau^{1} \coloneqq \tau_\infty$.
Do this $\omega$-many times to get $\tau^{\omega}$.
$\tau^{\omega}$ has a base consisting
of finite intersections $A_1 \cap \ldots \cap A_n$,
where $A_i$ is a basis element we chose
to construct $\tau_i$,
hence clopen.
\item Let $(X, \tau_X), Y$ be Polish
and $f\colon X \to Y$ Borel.
Show $\exists \tau' \supseteq \tau$ maintaining the Borel structure
with $f$ continuous.
Let $(U_n)_n$ be a countable base of $Y$.
Clopenize all the preimages of the $(U_n)_n$.
\item Let $f\colon X \to Y$ be a Borel isomorphism.
Then there are finer topologies preserving the Borel
structure
such that $f\colon X' \to Y'$ is a homeomorphism.
Repeatedly apply (c).
Get $\tau_X^1$ to make $f$ continuous.
Then get $\tau_Y^1$ to make $f^{-1}$ continuous
(possibly violating continuity of $f$)
and so on.
Let $\tau_X^\omega \coloneqq \langle \tau_X^n \rangle$
and similarly for $\tau_Y^\omega$.
\end{enumerate}
\begin{idea}
If you do something and it didn't work,
try doing it again ($\omega$-many times).
\end{idea}
\subsection{Exercise 3}
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item Show that if $\Gamma$ is self-dual (closed under complements)
and closed under continuous preimages,
then for any topological space $X$,
there does not exist an $X$-universal set for $\Gamma(X)$.
Suppose there is an $X$-universal set for $\Gamma(X)$,
i.e.~$U \subseteq X \times X$
such that $U \in \Gamma(X \times X) \land \{U_x : \in X\} = \Gamma(X)$.
Consider $X \xrightarrow[x\mapsto (x,x)]{d} X \times X$.
Let $V = U^c$.
Then $V \in \Gamma(X \times X)$ and $d^{-1}(V) \in \Gamma(X)$.
Then $d^{-1}(V) = U_x$ for some $x$.
But then $(x,x) \in U \iff x \in d^{-1}(V) \iff (x,x) \not\in U \lightning$.
\item Let $\xi$ be an ordinal
and let $X$ be a topological space.
Show that neither $\cB(X)$ nor $\Delta^0_\xi(X)$ can have $X$-universal
sets.
Clearly $\cB(X)$ is self-dual and closed under continuous preimages.
Clearly $\Delta^0_\xi(X)$ is self-dual
and closed under continuous preimages (by a trivial induction).
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Exercise 4}
Recall:
\begin{fact}[Sheet 5, Exercise 1]
Let $\emptyset\neq X$ be a Baire space.
Then $\forall A \subseteq X$,
$A$ is either meager or locally comeager.
\end{fact}
\begin{theorem}[Kechris 16.1]
Let $X, Y$ be Polish.
Let
\[\cA \coloneqq \{A \in \cB(X \times Y) : \forall \emptyset \neq U \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} Y.~
A_U \coloneqq \{ x \in X : A_x \text{ is not meager in $U$}\} \text{ is Borel}\}.\]
Then $\cA$ contains all Borel sets.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item Show for $V \in \cB(X), W \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} Y$
that $V \times W \in \cA$.
Clearly $V \times W$ is Borel
and $\{x \in X: W \cap U \text{ is not meager}\} \in \{\emptyset, V\}$.
\item Let $(A_n)_{n < \omega} \in \cA^{\omega}$.
Then $\bigcap_n A_n \in \cA$.
($(\bigcup_n A_n)_U = \bigcup_n (A_{n})_U$).
\item Let $A \in \cA$ and $B = A^c$.
Fix $\emptyset\neq U \subseteq Y$.
Then $\{x : A_x \text{is not meager in $U$}\}$ is Borel,
i.e.~$\{x : A_x^c \text{ is not meager in $U$}\}$ is Borel.
Since $A$ is Borel, $A_x$ is Borel as well.
Hence by the fact:
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
&& \{x : A_x^c \text{ is not meager in $U$}\}\\
&=& \{x \colon A_x^c \text{ is locally comeager in $U$}\}\\
&=& \{x \colon \exists \emptyset\neq V \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} V.~ A_x \text{ is meager in $V$}\}\\
&=& \bigcup_{\emptyset \neq V \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} U} A_V^c
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
(a countable union suffices, since we only need to check this for $V$ of the basis; if $A \subseteq V$ is nwd, then $A \cap U \subseteq U$ is nwd for all $U \overset{\text{open}}{\subseteq} V$).
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}