These are my notes on the lecture probability theory, taught by Prof.~\textsc{Chiranjib Mukherjee} in the summer term 2023 at the University Münster. \begin{warning} This is not an official script. The official lecture notes can be found on the Learnweb. \end{warning} These notes contain errors almost surely. If you find some error or want to improve something, send me a message: \texttt{probabilitytheory@jrpie.de}. Topics of this lecture: \begin{enumerate}[(1)] \item Limit theorems: Laws of large numbers and the central limit theorem for i.i.d.~sequences, \item Conditional expectation and conditional probabilities, \item Martingales, \item Markov chains. \end{enumerate}