information strategy, working!

src/cards.rs

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for CardCounts {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 pub struct Discard {
     pub cards: Cards,
     counts: CardCounts,

src/game.rs

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct GameOptions {
 }
 
 // The state of a given player:  all other players may see this
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 pub struct PlayerState {
     // the player's actual hand
     pub hand: Cards,
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn new_deck(seed: u32) -> Cards {
 
 // State of everything except the player's hands
 // Is all completely common knowledge
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 pub struct BoardState {
     deck: Cards,
     pub total_cards: u32,
@@ -377,9 +377,50 @@ impl fmt::Display for BoardState {
 }
 
 // complete game view of a given player
-// state will be borrowed GameState
+pub trait GameView {
+    fn me(&self) -> Player;
+    fn my_info(&self) -> &Vec<SimpleCardInfo>;
+    fn get_state(&self, player: &Player) -> &PlayerState;
+    fn get_board(&self) -> &BoardState;
+
+    fn get_hand(&self, player: &Player) -> &Cards {
+        assert!(self.me() != *player, "Cannot query about your own cards!");
+        &self.get_state(player).hand
+    }
+
+    fn hand_size(&self, player: &Player) -> usize {
+        if self.me() == *player {
+            self.my_info().len()
+        } else {
+            self.get_hand(player).len()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_card(&self, player: &Player, card: &Card) -> bool {
+        for other_card in self.get_hand(player) {
+            if *card == *other_card {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn can_see(&self, card: &Card) -> bool {
+        for other_player in self.get_board().get_players() {
+            if self.me() == other_player {
+                continue
+            }
+            if self.has_card(&other_player, card) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+// version of game view that is borrowed.  used in simulator for efficiency,
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct GameStateView<'a> {
+pub struct BorrowedGameView<'a> {
     // the player whose view it is
     pub player: Player,
     // what is known about their own hand (and thus common knowledge)
@@ -389,30 +430,70 @@ pub struct GameStateView<'a> {
     // board state
     pub board: &'a BoardState,
 }
-impl <'a> GameStateView<'a> {
+impl <'a> GameView for BorrowedGameView<'a> {
-    pub fn get_hand(&self, player: &Player) -> &Cards {
+    fn me(&self) -> Player {
-        assert!(self.player != *player, "Cannot query about your own cards!");
+        self.player
-        &self.other_player_states.get(player).unwrap().hand
     }
-
+    fn my_info(&self) -> &Vec<SimpleCardInfo> {
-    pub fn has_card(&self, player: &Player, card: &Card) -> bool {
+        self.info
-        for other_card in self.get_hand(player) {
-            if *card == *other_card {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        false
     }
-    pub fn can_see(&self, card: &Card) -> bool {
+    fn get_state(&self, player: &Player) -> &PlayerState {
-        for other_player in self.other_player_states.keys() {
+        assert!(self.me() != *player, "Cannot query about your own state!");
-            if self.has_card(other_player, card) {
+        self.other_player_states.get(player).unwrap()
-                return true;
+    }
-            }
+    fn get_board(&self) -> &BoardState {
-        }
+        self.board
-        false
     }
 }
 
+// version of game view, may be useful to strategies
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OwnedGameView {
+    // the player whose view it is
+    pub player: Player,
+    // what is known about their own hand (and thus common knowledge)
+    pub info: Vec<SimpleCardInfo>,
+    // the cards of the other players, as well as the information they have
+    pub other_player_states: HashMap<Player, PlayerState>,
+    // board state
+    pub board: BoardState,
+}
+impl OwnedGameView {
+    pub fn clone_from(borrowed_view: &BorrowedGameView) -> OwnedGameView {
+        let mut info : Vec<SimpleCardInfo> = Vec::new();
+        for card_info in borrowed_view.info.iter() {
+            info.push((*card_info).clone());
+        }
+        let mut other_player_states : HashMap<Player, PlayerState> = HashMap::new();
+        for (other_player, player_state) in &borrowed_view.other_player_states {
+            other_player_states.insert(*other_player, (*player_state).clone());
+        }
+
+        OwnedGameView {
+            player: borrowed_view.player.clone(),
+            info: info,
+            other_player_states: other_player_states,
+            board: (*borrowed_view.board).clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl GameView for OwnedGameView {
+    fn me(&self) -> Player {
+        self.player
+    }
+    fn my_info(&self) -> &Vec<SimpleCardInfo> {
+        &self.info
+    }
+    fn get_state(&self, player: &Player) -> &PlayerState {
+        assert!(self.me() != *player, "Cannot query about your own state!");
+        self.other_player_states.get(player).unwrap()
+    }
+    fn get_board(&self) -> &BoardState {
+        &self.board
+    }
+}
+
+
 // complete game state (known to nobody!)
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct GameState {
@@ -471,14 +552,14 @@ impl GameState {
     }
 
     // get the game state view of a particular player
-    pub fn get_view(&self, player: Player) -> GameStateView {
+    pub fn get_view(&self, player: Player) -> BorrowedGameView {
         let mut other_player_states = HashMap::new();
         for (other_player, state) in &self.player_states {
             if player != *other_player {
                 other_player_states.insert(*other_player, state);
             }
         }
-        GameStateView {
+        BorrowedGameView {
             player: player,
             info: &self.player_states.get(&player).unwrap().info,
             other_player_states: other_player_states,

src/info.rs

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ pub trait Info<T> where T: Hash + Eq + Clone {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 pub struct ColorInfo(HashSet<Color>);
 impl ColorInfo {
     pub fn new() -> ColorInfo { ColorInfo(ColorInfo::initialize()) }
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl Info<Color> for ColorInfo {
     fn get_mut_possibility_set(&mut self) -> &mut HashSet<Color> { &mut self.0 }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 pub struct ValueInfo(HashSet<Value>);
 impl ValueInfo {
     pub fn new() -> ValueInfo { ValueInfo(ValueInfo::initialize()) }
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl Info<Value> for ValueInfo {
 
 // represents information only of the form:
 // this color is/isn't possible, this value is/isn't possible
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 pub struct SimpleCardInfo {
     pub color_info: ColorInfo,
     pub value_info: ValueInfo,
@@ -260,10 +260,25 @@ impl CardPossibilityTable {
     }
 
     pub fn decrement_weight(&mut self, card: &Card) {
-        let weight =
+        let remove = {
-            self.possible.get_mut(card)
+            let weight =
-                .expect(&format!("Decrementing weight for impossible card: {}", card));
+                self.possible.get_mut(card)
-        *weight -= 1;
+                    .expect(&format!("Decrementing weight for impossible card: {}", card));
+            *weight -= 1;
+            *weight == 0
+        };
+        if remove {
+            self.possible.remove(card);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_card(&self) -> Option<Card> {
+        let possibilities = self.get_possibilities();
+        if possibilities.len() == 1 {
+            Some(possibilities[0].clone())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 }
 impl <'a> From<&'a CardCounts> for CardPossibilityTable {

src/simulator.rs

@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ use game::*;
 // Represents the strategy of a given player
 pub trait PlayerStrategy {
     // A function to decide what to do on the player's turn.
-    // Given a GameStateView, outputs their choice.
+    // Given a BorrowedGameView, outputs their choice.
-    fn decide(&mut self, &GameStateView) -> TurnChoice;
+    fn decide(&mut self, &BorrowedGameView) -> TurnChoice;
     // A function to update internal state after other players' turns.
     // Given what happened last turn, and the new state.
-    fn update(&mut self, &Turn, &GameStateView);
+    fn update(&mut self, &Turn, &BorrowedGameView);
 }
 // Represents the overall strategy for a game
 // Shouldn't do much, except store configuration parameters and
 // possibility initialize some shared randomness between players
 pub trait GameStrategy {
-    fn initialize(&self, Player, &GameStateView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy>;
+    fn initialize(&self, Player, &BorrowedGameView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy>;
 }
 
 // Represents configuration for a strategy.

src/strategies/cheating.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::cell::{RefCell};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use simulator::*;
 use game::*;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl CheatingStrategy {
     }
 }
 impl GameStrategy for CheatingStrategy {
-    fn initialize(&self, player: Player, view: &GameStateView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy> {
+    fn initialize(&self, player: Player, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy> {
         for (player, state) in &view.other_player_states {
             self.player_states_cheat.borrow_mut().insert(
                 *player, state.hand.clone()
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct CheatingPlayerStrategy {
 }
 impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
     // last player might've drawn a new card, let him know!
-    fn inform_last_player_cards(&self, view: &GameStateView) {
+    fn inform_last_player_cards(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) {
         let next = view.board.player_to_right(&self.me);
         self.player_states_cheat.borrow_mut().insert(
             next, view.other_player_states.get(&next).unwrap().hand.clone()
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
     }
 
     // give a throwaway hint - we only do this when we have nothing to do
-    fn throwaway_hint(&self, view: &GameStateView) -> TurnChoice {
+    fn throwaway_hint(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> TurnChoice {
         let hint_player = view.board.player_to_left(&self.me);
         let hint_card = &view.get_hand(&hint_player).first().unwrap();
         TurnChoice::Hint(Hint {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
     }
 
     // given a hand of cards, represents how badly it will need to play things
-    fn hand_play_value(&self, view: &GameStateView, hand: &Cards/*, all_viewable: HashMap<Color, <Value, u32>> */) -> u32 {
+    fn hand_play_value(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, hand: &Cards/*, all_viewable: HashMap<Color, <Value, u32>> */) -> u32 {
         // dead = 0 points
         // indispensible = 5 + (5 - value) points
         // playable, not in another hand = 2 point
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
     }
 
     // how badly do we need to play a particular card
-    fn get_play_score(&self, view: &GameStateView, card: &Card) -> i32 {
+    fn get_play_score(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, card: &Card) -> i32 {
         let states  = self.player_states_cheat.borrow();
         let my_hand = states.get(&self.me).unwrap();
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
         20 - (card.value as i32)
     }
 
-    fn find_useless_card(&self, view: &GameStateView, hand: &Cards) -> Option<usize> {
+    fn find_useless_card(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, hand: &Cards) -> Option<usize> {
         let mut set: HashSet<Card> = HashSet::new();
 
         for (i, card) in hand.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
         return None
     }
 
-    fn someone_else_can_play(&self, view: &GameStateView) -> bool {
+    fn someone_else_can_play(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> bool {
         for player in view.board.get_players() {
             if player != self.me {
                 for card in view.get_hand(&player) {
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl CheatingPlayerStrategy {
     }
 }
 impl PlayerStrategy for CheatingPlayerStrategy {
-    fn decide(&mut self, view: &GameStateView) -> TurnChoice {
+    fn decide(&mut self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> TurnChoice {
         self.inform_last_player_cards(view);
 
         let states = self.player_states_cheat.borrow();
@@ -180,63 +180,64 @@ impl PlayerStrategy for CheatingPlayerStrategy {
             let index = my_cards.iter().position(|card| {
                 card == play_card.unwrap()
             }).unwrap();
-            TurnChoice::Play(index)
-        } else {
-            // discard threshold is how many cards we're willing to discard
-            // such that if we only played,
-            // we would not reach the final countdown round
-            // e.g. 50 total, 25 to play, 20 in hand
-            let discard_threshold =
-                view.board.total_cards
-                - (COLORS.len() * VALUES.len()) as u32
-                - (view.board.num_players * view.board.hand_size);
-            if view.board.discard_size() <= discard_threshold {
-                // if anything is totally useless, discard it
-                if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view, my_cards) {
-                    return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
-                }
-            }
 
-            // hinting is better than discarding dead cards
+            return TurnChoice::Play(index)
-            // (probably because it stalls the deck-drawing).
+        }
-            if view.board.hints_remaining > 0 {
-                if self.someone_else_can_play(view) {
-                    return self.throwaway_hint(view);
-                }
-            }
 
+        // discard threshold is how many cards we're willing to discard
+        // such that if we only played,
+        // we would not reach the final countdown round
+        // e.g. 50 total, 25 to play, 20 in hand
+        let discard_threshold =
+            view.board.total_cards
+            - (COLORS.len() * VALUES.len()) as u32
+            - (view.board.num_players * view.board.hand_size);
+        if view.board.discard_size() <= discard_threshold {
             // if anything is totally useless, discard it
             if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view, my_cards) {
                 return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
             }
+        }
 
-            // All cards are plausibly useful.
+        // hinting is better than discarding dead cards
-            // Play the best discardable card, according to the ordering induced by comparing
+        // (probably because it stalls the deck-drawing).
-            //   (is in another hand, is dispensable, value)
+        if view.board.hints_remaining > 0 {
-            // The higher, the better to discard
+            if self.someone_else_can_play(view) {
-            let mut discard_card = None;
+                return self.throwaway_hint(view);
-            let mut compval = (false, false, 0);
-            for card in my_cards {
-                let my_compval = (
-                    view.can_see(card),
-                    view.board.is_dispensable(card),
-                    card.value,
-                );
-                if my_compval > compval {
-                    discard_card = Some(card);
-                    compval = my_compval;
-                }
-            }
-            if let Some(card) = discard_card {
-                let index = my_cards.iter().position(|iter_card| {
-                    card == iter_card
-                }).unwrap();
-                TurnChoice::Discard(index)
-            } else {
-                panic!("This shouldn't happen!  No discardable card");
             }
         }
+
+        // if anything is totally useless, discard it
+        if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view, my_cards) {
+            return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
+        }
+
+        // All cards are plausibly useful.
+        // Play the best discardable card, according to the ordering induced by comparing
+        //   (is in another hand, is dispensable, value)
+        // The higher, the better to discard
+        let mut discard_card = None;
+        let mut compval = (false, false, 0);
+        for card in my_cards {
+            let my_compval = (
+                view.can_see(card),
+                view.board.is_dispensable(card),
+                card.value,
+            );
+            if my_compval > compval {
+                discard_card = Some(card);
+                compval = my_compval;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(card) = discard_card {
+            let index = my_cards.iter().position(|iter_card| {
+                card == iter_card
+            }).unwrap();
+            TurnChoice::Discard(index)
+        } else {
+            panic!("This shouldn't happen!  No discardable card");
+        }
     }
-    fn update(&mut self, _: &Turn, _: &GameStateView) {
+    fn update(&mut self, _: &Turn, _: &BorrowedGameView) {
     }
 }

src/strategies/examples.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct RandomStrategy {
     play_probability: f64,
 }
 impl GameStrategy for RandomStrategy {
-    fn initialize(&self, player: Player, _: &GameStateView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy> {
+    fn initialize(&self, player: Player, _: &BorrowedGameView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy> {
         Box::new(RandomStrategyPlayer {
             hint_probability: self.hint_probability,
             play_probability: self.play_probability,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct RandomStrategyPlayer {
 }
 
 impl PlayerStrategy for RandomStrategyPlayer {
-    fn decide(&mut self, view: &GameStateView) -> TurnChoice {
+    fn decide(&mut self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> TurnChoice {
         let p = rand::random::<f64>();
         if p < self.hint_probability {
             if view.board.hints_remaining > 0 {
@@ -67,6 +67,6 @@ impl PlayerStrategy for RandomStrategyPlayer {
             TurnChoice::Discard(0)
         }
     }
-    fn update(&mut self, _: &Turn, _: &GameStateView) {
+    fn update(&mut self, _: &Turn, _: &BorrowedGameView) {
     }
 }

src/strategies/information.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use rand::{self, Rng};
 
 use simulator::*;
 use game::*;
@@ -13,41 +12,150 @@ use game::*;
 //  - only 9 + 8 hints total.  each player goes through 12.5 cards
 //
 // For any given player with at least 4 cards, and index i, there are at least 3 hints that can be given.
-// 1. a value hint on card i
+// 0. a value hint on card i
-// 2. a color hint on card i
+// 1. a color hint on card i
-// 3. any hint not involving card i
+// 2. any hint not involving card i
 //
 // for 4 players, can give 6 distinct hints
 
+// TODO: currently, you need to be very careful due to
+// answers changing from the old view to the new view
+
+#[derive(Debug,Clone)]
 struct ModulusInformation {
     modulus: u32,
     value: u32,
 }
+impl ModulusInformation {
+    pub fn new(modulus: u32, value: u32) -> Self {
+        assert!(value < modulus);
+        ModulusInformation {
+            modulus: modulus,
+            value: value,
+        }
+    }
 
-enum Question {
+    pub fn none() -> Self {
-    IsPlayable(usize),
+        Self::new(1, 0)
-    IsDead(usize),
+    }
-}
 
-fn answer_question(question: Question, hand: &Cards, view: &GameStateView) -> ModulusInformation {
+    pub fn combine(&mut self, other: Self) {
-    match question {
+        self.value = self.value * other.modulus + other.value;
-        Question::IsPlayable(index) => {
+        self.modulus = self.modulus * other.modulus;
-            let ref card = hand[index];
+    }
-            ModulusInformation {
+
-                modulus: 2,
+    pub fn emit(&mut self, modulus: u32) -> Self {
-                value: if view.board.is_playable(card) { 1 } else { 0 },
+        assert!(self.modulus >= modulus);
-            }
+        assert!(self.modulus % modulus == 0);
-        },
+        self.modulus = self.modulus / modulus;
-        Question::IsDead(index) => {
+        let value = self.value / self.modulus;
-            let ref card = hand[index];
+        assert!((self.value - value) % modulus == 0);
-            ModulusInformation {
+        self.value = (self.value - value) / modulus;
-                modulus: 2,
+
-                value: if view.board.is_dead(card) { 1 } else { 0 },
+        Self::new(modulus, value)
-            }
+    }
-        },
+
+    pub fn cast_up(&mut self, modulus: u32) {
+        assert!(self.modulus <= modulus);
+        self.modulus = modulus;
+    }
+
+    pub fn cast_down(&mut self, modulus: u32) {
+        assert!(self.modulus >= modulus);
+        assert!(self.value < modulus);
+        self.modulus = modulus;
+    }
+
+    pub fn add(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+        assert!(self.modulus == other.modulus);
+        self.value = (self.value + other.value) % self.modulus;
+    }
+
+    pub fn subtract(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+        assert!(self.modulus == other.modulus);
+        self.value = (self.modulus + self.value - other.value) % self.modulus;
     }
 }
 
+trait Question {
+    // how much info does this question ask for?
+    fn info_amount(&self) -> u32;
+    // get the answer to this question, given cards
+    fn answer(&self, &Cards, Box<&GameView>) -> u32;
+    fn answer_info(&self, hand: &Cards, view: Box<&GameView>) -> ModulusInformation {
+        ModulusInformation::new(
+            self.info_amount(),
+            self.answer(hand, view)
+        )
+    }
+    // process the answer to this question, updating card info
+    fn acknowledge_answer(
+        &self, value: u32, &mut Vec<CardPossibilityTable>, Box<&GameView>
+    );
+
+    fn acknowledge_answer_info(
+        &self,
+        answer: ModulusInformation,
+        hand_info: &mut Vec<CardPossibilityTable>,
+        view: Box<&GameView>
+    ) {
+        assert!(self.info_amount() == answer.modulus);
+        self.acknowledge_answer(answer.value, hand_info, view);
+    }
+}
+struct IsPlayable {
+    index: usize,
+}
+impl Question for IsPlayable {
+    fn info_amount(&self) -> u32 { 2 }
+    fn answer(&self, hand: &Cards, view: Box<&GameView>) -> u32 {
+        let ref card = hand[self.index];
+        if view.get_board().is_playable(card) { 1 } else { 0 }
+    }
+    fn acknowledge_answer(
+        &self,
+        answer: u32,
+        hand_info: &mut Vec<CardPossibilityTable>,
+        view: Box<&GameView>,
+    ) {
+        let ref mut card_table = hand_info[self.index];
+        let possible = card_table.get_possibilities();
+        for card in &possible {
+            if view.get_board().is_playable(card) {
+                if answer == 0 { card_table.mark_false(card); }
+            } else {
+                if answer == 1 { card_table.mark_false(card); }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+// struct IsDead {
+//     index: usize,
+// }
+// impl Question for IsDead {
+//     fn info_amount(&self) -> u32 { 2 }
+//     fn answer(&self, hand: &Cards, view: &Box<GameView>) -> u32 {
+//         let ref card = hand[self.index];
+//         if view.get_board().is_dead(card) { 1 } else { 0 }
+//     }
+//     fn acknowledge_answer(
+//         &self,
+//         answer: u32,
+//         hand_info: &mut Vec<CardPossibilityTable>,
+//         view: &Box<GameView>,
+//     ) {
+//         let ref mut card_table = hand_info[self.index];
+//         let possible = card_table.get_possibilities();
+//         for card in &possible {
+//             if view.get_board().is_dead(card) {
+//                 if answer == 0 { card_table.mark_false(card); }
+//             } else {
+//                 if answer == 1 { card_table.mark_false(card); }
+//             }
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 pub struct InformationStrategyConfig;
 
@@ -73,7 +181,7 @@ impl InformationStrategy {
     }
 }
 impl GameStrategy for InformationStrategy {
-    fn initialize(&self, player: Player, view: &GameStateView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy> {
+    fn initialize(&self, player: Player, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> Box<PlayerStrategy> {
         let mut public_info = HashMap::new();
         for player in view.board.get_players() {
             let hand_info = (0..view.board.hand_size).map(|_| { CardPossibilityTable::new() }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -83,6 +191,7 @@ impl GameStrategy for InformationStrategy {
             me: player,
             public_info: public_info,
             public_counts: CardCounts::new(),
+            last_view: OwnedGameView::clone_from(view),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -91,10 +200,147 @@ pub struct InformationPlayerStrategy {
     me: Player,
     public_info: HashMap<Player, Vec<CardPossibilityTable>>,
     public_counts: CardCounts, // what any newly drawn card should be
+    last_view: OwnedGameView, // the view on the previous turn
 }
 impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
+
+    fn get_questions<T>(
+        total_info: u32,
+        view: &T,
+        hand_info: &Vec<CardPossibilityTable>,
+    ) -> Vec<Box<Question>>
+        where T: GameView
+    {
+        let mut questions = Vec::new();
+        let mut info_remaining = total_info;
+
+        while info_remaining > 1 {
+            let mut question = None;
+            for (i, card_table) in hand_info.iter().enumerate() {
+                let p = view.get_board().probability_is_playable(card_table);
+                if (p != 0.0) && (p != 1.0) {
+                    question = Some(Box::new(IsPlayable {index: i}) as Box<Question>);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if let Some(q) = question {
+                info_remaining = info_remaining / q.info_amount();
+                questions.push(q);
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        questions
+    }
+
+    fn answer_questions<T>(
+        questions: &Vec<Box<Question>>, hand: &Cards, view: &T
+    ) -> ModulusInformation
+        where T: GameView
+    {
+        let mut info = ModulusInformation::none();
+        for question in questions {
+            let answer_info = question.answer_info(hand, Box::new(view as &GameView));
+            info.combine(answer_info);
+        }
+        info
+    }
+
+    fn get_hint_info_for_player<T>(
+        &self, player: &Player, total_info: u32, view: &T
+    ) -> ModulusInformation where T: GameView
+    {
+        assert!(player != &self.me);
+        let hand_info = self.get_player_public_info(player);
+        let questions = Self::get_questions(total_info, view, hand_info);
+        trace!("Getting hint for player {}, questions {:?}", player, questions.len());
+        let mut answer = Self::answer_questions(&questions, view.get_hand(player), view);
+        answer.cast_up(total_info);
+        trace!("Resulting answer {:?}", answer);
+        answer
+    }
+
+    fn get_hint_sum<T>(&self, total_info: u32, view: &T) -> ModulusInformation
+        where T: GameView
+    {
+        let mut sum = ModulusInformation::new(total_info, 0);
+        for player in view.get_board().get_players() {
+            if player != self.me {
+                let answer = self.get_hint_info_for_player(&player, total_info, view);
+                sum.add(&answer);
+            }
+        }
+        trace!("Summed answer {:?}\n", sum);
+        sum
+    }
+
+    fn infer_own_from_hint_sum(&mut self, hint: ModulusInformation) {
+        let mut hint = hint;
+        let questions = {
+            let view = &self.last_view;
+            let hand_info = self.get_my_public_info();
+            Self::get_questions(hint.modulus, view, hand_info)
+        };
+        trace!("{}: Questions {:?}", self.me, questions.len());
+        let product = questions.iter().fold(1, |a, ref b| a * b.info_amount());
+        trace!("{}: Product {}, hint: {:?}", self.me, product, hint);
+        hint.cast_down(product);
+        trace!("{}: Inferred for myself {:?}", self.me, hint);
+
+        let me = self.me.clone();
+        let mut hand_info = self.take_public_info(&me);
+
+        {
+            let view = &self.last_view;
+            for question in questions {
+                let answer_info = hint.emit(question.info_amount());
+                question.acknowledge_answer_info(answer_info, &mut hand_info, Box::new(view as &GameView));
+            }
+        }
+        self.return_public_info(&me, hand_info);
+    }
+
+    fn update_from_hint_sum(&mut self, hint: ModulusInformation) {
+        let hinter = self.last_view.board.player;
+        let players = {
+            let view = &self.last_view;
+            view.board.get_players()
+        };
+        trace!("{}: inferring for myself, starting with {:?}", self.me, hint);
+        let mut hint = hint;
+        for player in players {
+            if (player != hinter) && (player != self.me) {
+                {
+                    let view = &self.last_view;
+                    let hint_info = self.get_hint_info_for_player(&player, hint.modulus, view);
+                    hint.subtract(&hint_info);
+                    trace!("{}: subtracted for {}, now {:?}", self.me, player, hint);
+                }
+
+                // *take* instead of borrowing mutably, because of borrow rules...
+                let mut hand_info = self.take_public_info(&player);
+
+                {
+                    let view = &self.last_view;
+                    let hand = view.get_hand(&player);
+                    let questions = Self::get_questions(hint.modulus, view, &mut hand_info);
+                    for question in questions {
+                        let answer = question.answer(hand, Box::new(view as &GameView));
+                        question.acknowledge_answer(answer, &mut hand_info, Box::new(view as &GameView));
+                    }
+                }
+                self.return_public_info(&player, hand_info);
+            }
+        }
+        if self.me == hinter {
+            assert!(hint.value == 0);
+        } else {
+            self.infer_own_from_hint_sum(hint);
+        }
+    }
+
     // given a hand of cards, represents how badly it will need to play things
-    fn hand_play_value(&self, view: &GameStateView, hand: &Cards/*, all_viewable: HashMap<Color, <Value, usize>> */) -> u32 {
+    fn hand_play_value(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, hand: &Cards/*, all_viewable: HashMap<Color, <Value, usize>> */) -> u32 {
         // dead = 0 points
         // indispensible = 5 + (5 - value) points
         // playable = 1 point
@@ -112,19 +358,20 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
         value
     }
 
-    fn estimate_hand_play_value(&self, view: &GameStateView) -> u32 {
+    fn estimate_hand_play_value(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> u32 {
+        // TODO: fix this
         0
     }
 
     // how badly do we need to play a particular card
-    fn get_average_play_score(&self, view: &GameStateView, card_table: &CardPossibilityTable) -> f32 {
+    fn get_average_play_score(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, card_table: &CardPossibilityTable) -> f32 {
         let f = |card: &Card| {
             self.get_play_score(view, card) as f32
         };
         card_table.weighted_score(&f)
     }
 
-    fn get_play_score(&self, view: &GameStateView, card: &Card) -> i32 {
+    fn get_play_score(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, card: &Card) -> i32 {
         let my_hand_value = self.estimate_hand_play_value(view);
 
         for player in view.board.get_players() {
@@ -143,23 +390,25 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
         5 + (5 - (card.value as i32))
     }
 
-    fn find_useless_card(&self, view: &GameStateView, hand: &Cards) -> Option<usize> {
+    fn find_useless_card(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView, hand: &Vec<CardPossibilityTable>) -> Option<usize> {
         let mut set: HashSet<Card> = HashSet::new();
 
-        for (i, card) in hand.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, card_table) in hand.iter().enumerate() {
-            if view.board.is_dead(card) {
+            if view.board.probability_is_dead(card_table) == 1.0 {
                 return Some(i);
             }
-            if set.contains(card) {
+            if let Some(card) = card_table.get_card() {
-                // found a duplicate card
+                if set.contains(&card) {
-                return Some(i);
+                    // found a duplicate card
+                    return Some(i);
+                }
+                set.insert(card);
             }
-            set.insert(card.clone());
         }
         return None
     }
 
-    fn someone_else_can_play(&self, view: &GameStateView) -> bool {
+    fn someone_else_can_play(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> bool {
         for player in view.board.get_players() {
             if player != self.me {
                 for card in view.get_hand(&player) {
@@ -172,6 +421,18 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
         false
     }
 
+    fn take_public_info(&mut self, player: &Player) -> Vec<CardPossibilityTable> {
+        self.public_info.remove(player).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn return_public_info(&mut self, player: &Player, card_info: Vec<CardPossibilityTable>) {
+        self.public_info.insert(*player, card_info);
+    }
+
+    fn get_my_public_info(&self) -> &Vec<CardPossibilityTable> {
+        self.get_player_public_info(&self.me)
+    }
+
     fn get_player_public_info(&self, player: &Player) -> &Vec<CardPossibilityTable> {
         self.public_info.get(player).unwrap()
     }
@@ -200,7 +461,7 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
 
     fn update_public_info_for_discard_or_play(
         &mut self,
-        view: &GameStateView,
+        view: &BorrowedGameView,
         player: &Player,
         index: usize,
         card: &Card
@@ -212,7 +473,7 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
             info.remove(index);
 
             // push *before* incrementing public counts
-            if info.len() < view.info.len() {
+            if info.len() < view.hand_size(&player) {
                 info.push(new_card_table);
             }
         }
@@ -220,7 +481,7 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
         // note: other_player could be player, as well
         // in particular, we will decrement the newly drawn card
         for other_player in view.board.get_players() {
-            let mut info = self.get_player_public_info_mut(&other_player);
+            let info = self.get_player_public_info_mut(&other_player);
             for card_table in info {
                 card_table.decrement_weight_if_possible(card);
             }
@@ -229,10 +490,10 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
         self.public_counts.increment(card);
     }
 
-    fn get_private_info(&self, view: &GameStateView) -> Vec<CardPossibilityTable> {
+    fn get_private_info(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> Vec<CardPossibilityTable> {
-        let mut info = self.get_player_public_info(&self.me).clone();
+        let mut info = self.get_my_public_info().clone();
         for card_table in info.iter_mut() {
-            for (other_player, state) in &view.other_player_states {
+            for (_, state) in &view.other_player_states {
                 for card in &state.hand {
                     card_table.decrement_weight_if_possible(card);
                 }
@@ -241,9 +502,81 @@ impl InformationPlayerStrategy {
         info
     }
 
+    fn get_hint(&self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> TurnChoice {
+        let total_info = 3 * (view.board.num_players - 1);
+
+        let hint_info = self.get_hint_sum(total_info, view);
+
+        let hint_type = hint_info.value % 3;
+        let player_amt = (hint_info.value - hint_type) / 3;
+
+        let hint_player = (self.me + 1 + player_amt) % view.board.num_players;
+        let card_index = 0;
+
+        let hand = view.get_hand(&hint_player);
+        let hint_card = &hand[card_index];
+
+        let hinted = match hint_type {
+            0 => {
+                Hinted::Value(hint_card.value)
+            }
+            1 => {
+                Hinted::Color(hint_card.color)
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let mut hinted_opt = None;
+                for card in hand {
+                    if card.color != hint_card.color {
+                        hinted_opt = Some(Hinted::Color(card.color));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if card.value != hint_card.value {
+                        hinted_opt = Some(Hinted::Value(card.value));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(hinted) = hinted_opt {
+                    hinted
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Found nothing to hint!")
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                panic!("Invalid hint type")
+            }
+        };
+
+        TurnChoice::Hint(Hint {
+            player: hint_player,
+            hinted: hinted,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn infer_from_hint(&mut self, view: &BorrowedGameView, hint: &Hint, result: &Vec<bool>) {
+        let total_info = 3 * (view.board.num_players - 1);
+
+        let hinter = self.last_view.board.player;
+        let player_amt = (view.board.num_players + hint.player - hinter - 1) % view.board.num_players;
+
+        let hint_type = if result[0] {
+            match hint.hinted {
+                Hinted::Value(_) => 0,
+                Hinted::Color(_) => 1,
+            }
+        } else {
+            2
+        };
+
+        let hint_value = player_amt * 3 + hint_type;
+
+        let mod_info = ModulusInformation::new(total_info, hint_value);
+
+        self.update_from_hint_sum(mod_info);
+    }
+
 }
 impl PlayerStrategy for InformationPlayerStrategy {
-    fn decide(&mut self, view: &GameStateView) -> TurnChoice {
+    fn decide(&mut self, view: &BorrowedGameView) -> TurnChoice {
         let private_info = self.get_private_info(view);
         // debug!("My info:");
         // for (i, card_table) in private_info.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -268,48 +601,33 @@ impl PlayerStrategy for InformationPlayerStrategy {
                 }
             }
 
-            TurnChoice::Play(play_index)
+            return TurnChoice::Play(play_index)
-        } else {
+        }
-            if view.board.hints_remaining > 0 {
+
-                let hint_player = view.board.player_to_left(&self.me);
+        let discard_threshold =
-                let hint_card = rand::thread_rng().choose(&view.get_hand(&hint_player)).unwrap();
+            view.board.total_cards
-                let hinted = {
+            - (COLORS.len() * VALUES.len()) as u32
-                    if rand::random() {
+            - (view.board.num_players * view.board.hand_size);
-                        // hint a color
+
-                        Hinted::Color(hint_card.color)
+        if view.board.discard_size() <= discard_threshold {
-                    } else {
+            // if anything is totally useless, discard it
-                        Hinted::Value(hint_card.value)
+            if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view, &private_info) {
-                    }
+                return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
-                };
-                TurnChoice::Hint(Hint {
-                    player: hint_player,
-                    hinted: hinted,
-                })
-            } else {
-                TurnChoice::Discard(0)
             }
         }
 
-        //     // 50 total, 25 to play, 20 in hand
+        // hinting is better than discarding dead cards
-        //     if view.board.discard.cards.len() < 6 {
+        // (probably because it stalls the deck-drawing).
-        //         // if anything is totally useless, discard it
+        if view.board.hints_remaining > 1 {
-        //         if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view) {
+            if self.someone_else_can_play(view) {
-        //             return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
+                return self.get_hint(view);
-        //         }
+            }
-        //     }
+        }
 
-        //     // hinting is better than discarding dead cards
+        // if anything is totally useless, discard it
-        //     // (probably because it stalls the deck-drawing).
+        if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view, &private_info) {
-        //     if view.board.hints_remaining > 1 {
+            return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
-        //         if self.someone_else_can_play(view) {
+        }
-        //             return self.throwaway_hint(view);
-        //         }
-        //     }
-
-        //     // if anything is totally useless, discard it
-        //     if let Some(i) = self.find_useless_card(view) {
-        //         return TurnChoice::Discard(i);
-        //     }
 
         //     // All cards are plausibly useful.
         //     // Play the best discardable card, according to the ordering induced by comparing
@@ -343,12 +661,19 @@ impl PlayerStrategy for InformationPlayerStrategy {
         //         panic!("This shouldn't happen!  No discardable card");
         //     }
         // }
+
+        if view.board.hints_remaining > 0 {
+            self.get_hint(view)
+        } else {
+            TurnChoice::Discard(0)
+        }
     }
 
-    fn update(&mut self, turn: &Turn, view: &GameStateView) {
+    fn update(&mut self, turn: &Turn, view: &BorrowedGameView) {
         match turn.choice {
             TurnChoice::Hint(ref hint) =>  {
                 if let &TurnResult::Hint(ref matches) = &turn.result {
+                    self.infer_from_hint(view, hint, matches);
                     self.update_public_info_for_hint(hint, matches);
                 } else {
                     panic!("Got turn choice {:?}, but turn result {:?}",
@@ -364,7 +689,7 @@ impl PlayerStrategy for InformationPlayerStrategy {
                 }
             }
             TurnChoice::Play(index) =>  {
-                if let &TurnResult::Play(ref card, played) = &turn.result {
+                if let &TurnResult::Play(ref card, _) = &turn.result {
                     self.update_public_info_for_discard_or_play(view, &turn.player, index, card);
                 } else {
                     panic!("Got turn choice {:?}, but turn result {:?}",
@@ -372,5 +697,6 @@ impl PlayerStrategy for InformationPlayerStrategy {
                 }
             }
         }
+        self.last_view = OwnedGameView::clone_from(view);
     }
 }