Endgame-Analyzer/include/game_state.h

#ifndef DYNAMIC_PROGRAM_GAME_STATE_H
#define DYNAMIC_PROGRAM_GAME_STATE_H

#include <array>
#include <bitset>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <optional>
#include <ostream>
#include <stack>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

#include <boost/container/static_vector.hpp>
#include <boost/rational.hpp>


namespace Hanabi {

    using rank_t = std::uint8_t;
    using suit_t = std::uint8_t;
    using clue_t = std::int8_t;
    using player_t = std::uint8_t;
    using hand_index_t = std::uint8_t;

    using probability_base_type = unsigned long;
    using rational_probability = boost::rational<probability_base_type>;

/**
 * Define macro
 * NUSE_RATIONAL_PROBABILITIES
 * to use floating-point arithematic for the stored probabilities
 * instead of rational representations
*/

#ifndef NUSE_RATIONAL_PROBABILITIES
    using probability_t = boost::rational<probability_base_type>;
#else
    using probability_t = double;
#endif

    inline std::ostream& print_probability(std::ostream& os, double prob);
    inline std::ostream& print_probability(std::ostream& os, const rational_probability& prob);

    template<typename T>
    std::ostream& print_probability(std::ostream& os, const std::optional<T>& prob);

    /**
     * We will generally assume that stacks are played from n to 0
     * Playing a 0 will yield a clue
     * Therefore, for the default hanabi, we will play 4,3,2,1,0 in that order
     * on each stack. A stack with no cards played implicitly has value 5 on it
     * This is just easier to implement, since then the remaining number of cards
     * to be played is always the current number of the stack
     */
    constexpr rank_t starting_card_rank = 5;
    constexpr suit_t max_suit_index = 5;
    constexpr size_t max_card_duplicity = 3;
    constexpr clue_t max_num_clues = 8;
    constexpr uint8_t not_in_starting_hand = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();
    constexpr hand_index_t invalid_hand_idx = std::numeric_limits<hand_index_t>::max();

    // We might want to change these at runtime to adapt to other variants.
    // However, a global variable is used so that we can have an output operator for cards reading from here
    // Note that this is therefore not static so that we have external linking
    inline std::array<char, 6> suit_initials = {'r', 'y', 'g', 'b', 'p', 't'};

    struct Card {
        suit_t suit;
        rank_t rank;
        uint8_t local_index;
        bool in_starting_hand;
        bool initial_trash;

        inline bool operator==(const Card &other) const;
    };

    namespace Cards {
        static constexpr Card r0 = {0, 5};
        static constexpr Card r1 = {0, 4};
        static constexpr Card r2 = {0, 3};
        static constexpr Card r3 = {0, 2};
        static constexpr Card r4 = {0, 1};
        static constexpr Card r5 = {0, 0};
        static constexpr Card y0 = {1, 5};
        static constexpr Card y1 = {1, 4};
        static constexpr Card y2 = {1, 3};
        static constexpr Card y3 = {1, 2};
        static constexpr Card y4 = {1, 1};
        static constexpr Card y5 = {1, 0};
        static constexpr Card g0 = {2, 5};
        static constexpr Card g1 = {2, 4};
        static constexpr Card g2 = {2, 3};
        static constexpr Card g3 = {2, 2};
        static constexpr Card g4 = {2, 1};
        static constexpr Card g5 = {2, 0};
        static constexpr Card b0 = {3, 5};
        static constexpr Card b1 = {3, 4};
        static constexpr Card b2 = {3, 3};
        static constexpr Card b3 = {3, 2};
        static constexpr Card b4 = {3, 1};
        static constexpr Card b5 = {3, 0};
        static constexpr Card p0 = {4, 5};
        static constexpr Card p1 = {4, 4};
        static constexpr Card p2 = {4, 3};
        static constexpr Card p3 = {4, 2};
        static constexpr Card p4 = {4, 1};
        static constexpr Card p5 = {4, 0};
        static constexpr Card t0 = {5, 5};
        static constexpr Card t1 = {5, 4};
        static constexpr Card t2 = {5, 3};
        static constexpr Card t3 = {5, 2};
        static constexpr Card t4 = {5, 1};
        static constexpr Card t5 = {5, 0};
        static constexpr Card unknown = {std::numeric_limits<suit_t>::max(), 0};
        static constexpr Card trash = {std::numeric_limits<suit_t>::max(), 1};
    }
}

namespace std {
    template<>
    struct hash<Hanabi::Card> {
        std::size_t operator()(Hanabi::Card const& card) const noexcept {
            return card.suit * 6 + card.rank;
        }
    };
}

namespace Hanabi {

inline std::string to_string(const Hanabi::Card &card);
inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Card &card);


/**
 * To store:
 * - Draw pile size
 * - Distribution of cards
 *      - Which cards exist?
 * - Number of clues
 */

template <size_t num_suits>
using Stacks = std::array<rank_t, num_suits>;

template <size_t num_suits>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Stacks<num_suits> &stacks);

struct CardMultiplicity {
  Card card;
  unsigned multiplicity;

  bool operator==(const CardMultiplicity &) const = default;
};

template<typename T>
struct InnerCardArray {
    template<size_t N>
    using array_t = std::array<T, N>;
};

template<>
struct InnerCardArray<bool> {
    template<size_t N>
    using array_t = std::bitset<N>;
};

template <suit_t num_suits, typename T> struct CardArray {
    using value_type = T;

    CardArray() = default;
    explicit CardArray(value_type default_val);

    void fill(value_type val);

    const value_type &operator[](const Card &card) const;

    value_type &operator[](const Card &card);

    auto operator<=>(const CardArray &) const = default;

private:
    using inner_array_t = typename InnerCardArray<T>::template array_t<starting_card_rank>;
    std::array<inner_array_t , num_suits> _array {};
};

enum class ActionType : std::uint8_t {
    play = 0,
    discard = 1,
    clue = 2,
    color_clue = 2,
    rank_clue = 3,
    end_game = 4,
    vote_terminate_players = 5,
    vote_terminate = 10,
};

struct Action {
    ActionType type {};
    Card card {};
};

inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Action& action);

/** Would like to have 2 versions:
 * All:
 *  - support playing cards, querying basic information
 *  - support going back, but with a different interface: efficient (needs arguments, does not store) or using a stack
 *
 */

class HanabiStateIF {
public:
    virtual void give_clue() = 0;
    virtual void discard(hand_index_t index) = 0;
    virtual void play(hand_index_t index) = 0;

    virtual void rotate_next_draw(const Card& card) = 0;
    virtual ActionType last_action_type() const = 0;
    virtual void revert() = 0;

    virtual void modify_clues(clue_t change) = 0;
    virtual void set_clues(clue_t clues) = 0;

    [[nodiscard]] virtual player_t turn() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual clue_t num_clues() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<std::vector<Card>> hands() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<Card> cur_hand() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual size_t draw_pile_size() const = 0;

    [[nodiscard]] virtual bool is_trash(const Card& card) const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual bool is_playable(const Card& card) const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual bool is_relative_state_initialized() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual hand_index_t find_card_in_hand(const Card& card) const = 0;

    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::uint64_t enumerated_states() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual const std::unordered_map<unsigned long, probability_t>& position_tablebase() const = 0;

    virtual void init_backtracking_information() = 0;
    virtual probability_t evaluate_state() = 0;

    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::optional<probability_t> lookup() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::uint64_t unique_id() const = 0;
    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::pair<std::vector<std::uint64_t>, std::vector<Card>> dump_unique_id_parts() const = 0;

    virtual std::vector<std::pair<Action, std::optional<probability_t>>> get_reasonable_actions() = 0;
    virtual std::vector<std::pair<CardMultiplicity, std::optional<probability_t>>> possible_next_states(hand_index_t index, bool play) = 0;

    virtual ~HanabiStateIF() = default;

protected:
    virtual void print(std::ostream& os) const = 0;

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, HanabiStateIF const&);
};

// A game mimics a game state together with a list of actions and allows to traverse the game
// history by making and reverting the stored actions.
struct Game {
  void make_turn();
  void revert_turn();
  void forward_until(size_t turn = 100, size_t draw_pile_break = 0);
  void revert_until(size_t draw_pile_break);


  std::unique_ptr<HanabiStateIF> state;
  std::vector<Action> actions;
  std::vector<Card> deck;
  unsigned next_action;
};

inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, HanabiStateIF const &hanabi_state);

template <suit_t num_suits, player_t num_players, hand_index_t hand_size>
class HanabiState : public HanabiStateIF {
public:
    HanabiState() = default;
    explicit HanabiState(const std::vector<Card>& deck, uint8_t score_goal = 5 * num_suits);

    void give_clue() final;
    void discard(hand_index_t index) final;
    void play(hand_index_t index) final;

    void rotate_next_draw(const Card& card) final;
    ActionType last_action_type() const final;

    void revert() final;

    void modify_clues(clue_t change) final;
    void set_clues(clue_t clues) final;

    [[nodiscard]] player_t turn() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] clue_t num_clues() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<std::vector<Card>> hands() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<Card> cur_hand() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] size_t draw_pile_size() const final;

    [[nodiscard]] hand_index_t find_card_in_hand(const Card& card) const final;
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_trash(const Card& card) const final;
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_playable(const Card& card) const final;
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_relative_state_initialized() const final;

    [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t enumerated_states() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] const std::unordered_map<unsigned long, probability_t>& position_tablebase() const final;

    void init_backtracking_information() final;
    probability_t evaluate_state() final;

    [[nodiscard]] std::optional<probability_t> lookup() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t unique_id() const final;
    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<std::vector<std::uint64_t>, std::vector<Card>> dump_unique_id_parts() const final;

    std::vector<std::pair<Action, std::optional<probability_t>>> get_reasonable_actions() final;
    std::vector<std::pair<CardMultiplicity, std::optional<probability_t>>> possible_next_states(hand_index_t index, bool play) final;

    auto operator<=>(const HanabiState &) const = default;

protected:
    void print(std::ostream& os) const final;

private:
   struct BacktrackAction {
        explicit BacktrackAction(
                ActionType action_type,
                Card discarded_or_played = Cards::unknown,
                hand_index_t index = 0,
                bool was_on_8_clues = false
        );

        ActionType action_type{};
        // The card that was discarded or played
        Card discarded{};
        // Index of card in hand that was discarded or played
        hand_index_t index{};

        // Indicates whether before the action was taken, we had 8 clues.
        // This is important so that we know if we go back to 7 or 8 clues when we revert playing a 5
        bool was_on_8_clues {false};
    };

   // This keeps track of the representation of the gamestate relative to some starting state
   // and is used for id calculation
   struct RelativeRepresentationData {
       // List of unique non-trash cards in draw pile
       boost::container::static_vector<Card, 30> good_cards_draw;

       // Card positions of these cards. Indexes correspond to the cards stored in _good_cards_draw vector
       boost::container::static_vector<boost::container::static_vector<player_t, max_card_duplicity>, 30> card_positions_draw;

       // This will indicate whether cards that were in hands initially still are in hand
       // The first n bits are used and cards are assumed to have been marked with their indices in this bitset
       std::bitset<num_players * hand_size> card_positions_hands {};

       // Note this is not the same as _good_cards_draw.size(), since this accounts for multiplicities
       std::uint8_t initial_draw_pile_size { 0 };

       // Number of bits from above bitset that is meaningful
       std::uint8_t num_useful_cards_in_starting_hands { 0 };

       // Whether we initialized the values above and marked cards accordingly
       bool initialized { false };
   };

    unsigned long discard_and_potentially_update(hand_index_t index);
    unsigned long play_and_potentially_update(hand_index_t index);

    unsigned draw(hand_index_t index);

    void revert_draw(hand_index_t index, Card discarded_card, bool cycle = false);
    void revert_clue();
    void revert_discard(bool cycle = false);
    void revert_play(bool cycle = false);


    void update_tablebase(unsigned long id, probability_t probability);

    template<class Function>
    void do_for_each_potential_draw(hand_index_t index, bool play, Function f);

    void incr_turn();
    void decr_turn();

    void check_draw_pile_integrity() const;

    static constexpr uint8_t no_endgame = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();
    static constexpr player_t draw_pile = num_players;
    static constexpr player_t trash_or_play_stack = num_players + 1;

    // Usual game state
    player_t _turn{};
    clue_t _num_clues{};
    std::uint8_t _weighted_draw_pile_size{};
    Stacks<num_suits> _stacks{};
    std::array<std::array<Card, hand_size>, num_players> _hands{};
    std::list<CardMultiplicity> _draw_pile{};
    std::uint8_t _endgame_turns_left{};

    // further values of game state that are technically determined, but we update them anyway
    int8_t _pace{};
    uint8_t _score{};
    uint8_t _score_goal{};

    // For reverting the current game
    std::stack<BacktrackAction> _actions_log;

    // For calculating ids of states during backtracking
    RelativeRepresentationData _relative_representation;

    // Lookup table for states. Uses the ids calculated using the relative representation
    std::unordered_map<unsigned long, probability_t> _position_tablebase;

    std::uint64_t _enumerated_states {};
};

template <std::size_t num_suits, player_t num_players, std::size_t hand_size>
bool same_up_to_discard_permutation(HanabiState<num_suits, num_players, hand_size> state1, HanabiState<num_suits, num_players, hand_size> state2) {
    auto comp = [](CardMultiplicity &m1, CardMultiplicity &m2) -> bool {
        return m1.card.suit < m2.card.suit || (m1.card.suit == m2.card.suit and m1.card.rank < m2.card.rank) ||
               (m1.card.suit == m2.card.suit and m1.card.rank == m2.card.rank and m1.multiplicity < m2.multiplicity);
    };
   state1._draw_pile.sort(comp);
   state2._draw_pile.sort(comp);
   return state1 == state2;
}


}

#include "game_state.hpp"

#endif // DYNAMIC_PROGRAM_GAME_STATE_H